David O. Cauldwell

David Oliver Cauldwell (17 June 1897 – 30 August 1959) was a prolific and pioneering sexologist, who has been claimed to have coined the term “transsexual” [anonymous. [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/cauldwell/ “Editorial”,] "The International Journal of Transgenderism" v5 (2001) #2 (April-June).] [Ekins, Richard; and Dave King. [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/cauldwell/cauldwell_01.htm “Pioneers of Transgendering: The Popular Sexology of David O. Cauldwell”,] "The International Journal of Transgenderism" v5 (2001) #2 (April-June).] (though there is a prior claim for HirschfeldHirschfeld, Magnus; “Die intersexuelle Konstitution” in "Jarhbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen" 1923.] ), and many of whose monographs on sex, psychology, or health were published by Emanuel Haldeman-Julius in such forms as Little Blue Books.

Cauldwell was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of a surgeon. Cauldwell reports himself as from childhood having had a special interest in sexual anatomy. He studied medicine at the Chester College of Medicine and Surgery (later merged with Loyola University Chicago) and at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. After several years as a private general practitioner, Cauldwell became an Associate Medical Officer of the Department of War, and as a contract surgeon for the Army, and became a neuro-psychiatrist for the Department of War. In 1945, Cauldwell ended active practice to become a writer on topics of health, notably sexology.

Cauldwell and transsexualism

Although the German term “Transsexualismus” was introduced by Hirschfeld in 1923, Cauldwell appears to be the first to use the term in direct reference to those who desired a change of physiological sex.Meyerowitz, Joanne Jay; "How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States".]

Cauldwell distinguished “biological sex” from “psychological sex”, and saw the latter as determined by social conditioning. He denied that there were modes of thinking intrinsically linked to male or female biology. Primarily because of this view of "gender" as plastic, and secondarily because of the limitations of medical science, he regarded sex reassignment surgery as an unacceptable response to transsexualism, and instead advocated that it be treated as a mental disorder (though he advocated acceptance of homosexualism and of transvestism).

References

Footnotes

See also

*Various publications of Haldeman-Julius which contain a brief biographical sketch of Cauldwell.
*Cauldwell, David Oliver. "The Diary of a Sexologist: Intimate Observations and Experiences Revealed When a Doctor Tells His Story" Haldeman-Julius Big Blue Book B-821 (1949).

Works

" [The titles of the Haldeman-Julius publications were chosen by or at the insistence of Haldeman-Julius, to provoke sales.] "

Haldeman-Julius Little Blue Books

*"All About Artificial Insemination — How It's Done. The $2,000 Black Market on Babies. Test Tube Babies-Latest Facts. Husbands for Hire. Fathers by Proxy, and a Condensation of Facts Everyone Wants to Know" (1947) #1829 (Also Big Blue Book B-532, below.)

Haldeman-Julius Big Blue Books

*"What is a Hermaphrodite? A Study of Persons of Either Sex Whose Genital Organs, Mental Integration and Chemical (Hormonal) Characteristics Embrace the Characters or Characteristics of Both Sexes" (1947) B-525
*"Sex and Psycho-Somatology: A Study of the Various Aspects of the Relation of Psycho-Somatic Medicine to Sexuality and Sexual Disorders" (1947) B-527
*"Hypersexuality — Is Anyone Oversexed? Viewpoints of Physiologists, Psychiatrists, and Sociologist on Precocious Sexuality and Nymphomania" (1947) B-529
*"Semen for Sale: All About Artificial Insemination — How It's Done. The $2,000 Black Market on Babies. Test Tube Babies-Latest Facts. Husbands for Hire. Fathers by Proxy, and a Condensation of Facts Everyone Wants to Know" (1947) B-532 (Also Little Blue Book 1829, above.)
*"Effects of Castration on Men and Women. Accidental, Voluntary and Involuntary Castration. Eunuchism and History" (1947) ( [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/cauldwell/cauldwell_03.htm excerpt] ) B-536
*"Is Sexual Sterilization Easy? The Surprising Attitude of Doctors — Facts about Sterilization, Including Its Legal Status" (1947) B-537
*"Perverted Haters of Sex: There Are Persons Who Hate Sex Walking Among Us Every Day - A Candid Study of a Strange Perversion" (1947) B-538
*"Why Males Wear Female Attire: Strange Stories, Weird Confessions, Historical Data, and Scientific Explanations of Transvestism" (1947) B-540
*"Sex Crimes Among Juveniles, A study of Various Delinquencies" (1947) B-541
*"The Latest So-Called Miracle Cures for Gonorrhea: Sulfas and Penicillin: Is Prophylaxis Effective?" (1947) B-549
*"The Truth About Homosexuality in Man and Woman: Plain Facts Cleanly Presented to Help Improve Individual and Sociological Concepts" (1947) B-557
*"Ideas which Wreck Marriage Before the Honeymoon Begins" (1947) B-558
*"The Latest So-Called Miracle Cures for Syphilis: Facts about Penicillin &amp Syphilis, Complications and Treatment" (1947) B-560
*"How You Can Become a Practical Psychoanalyst. Workable Applications of Freud, Jung, Stekel and Others Made Easy" (1947) B-561
*"Easy Lessons in Practical Psychoanalysis. A Workable Guide for the Use of Amateurs Who Want to Understand Themselves and Others Better and Thereby Be Happier" (1947) B-562
*"A Modern Analysis of Biblical Sex Scandals: How an Adulterous Old King Disposed of an Unwanted Husband and Other Worldy Affairs, all Based on the Biblical Story of David and Bathsheba, Including Judah's Affair with His Dead Son's Wife, Who Played the Harlot; the Fate of Onan" (1947) B-563
*"Practical Psychiatry for Everyone: How to Be Your Own Mind Doctor and Solve Mental Problems for Yourself and Others" (1947) B-571
*"What Can a Sick Person Believe? A Study of What Is Valid in the New Medical Magic and a Summary of Information for Both the Sick and the Well" (1947) B-572
*"So You're Neurotic! Treatment Possibilities and Treatment Techniques for Men, Women and Children who Feel too Keenly the Emotional Strains of Living" (1947) B-573
*"Husbands and Wives Can Be Satisfactory Lovers: A Guide to the Esthetics of Intimacy, with Hints on How Sex Can Be Beautiful" (1947) B-576
*"What to Know and Do About the Male Climacteric. Advice Which Can Help to Keep Men from Going off the Deep End, Including a Generous Questions and Answers Section" (1947) B-586
*"Treatment of Impotence in Man and Woman" (1947) B-587
*"Sterility in Men and Women: A Study of Causes and Treatment Possibilities For Those Who Are Denied Parenthood" (1947) B-589
*"Schizophrenia and Mental Danger Signals: What to Do about Schizophrenic Tendencies — A Study of Behavior and Mental Disturbances" (1947) B-590
*"What Women Should Know about the Menopause: Prevention of Suffering through an Understanding of the Hygiene of Life's Natural Changes" (1947) B-592
*"What Makes the Neurotic Personality Behave That Way? What Psychiatry Has Learned About Your Reactions to the Anxieties, Conflicts and Strain of Modern Living" (1947) B-593
*"Prostate Gland Diseases and Their Treatment: a Candid Presentation of Fundamentals, Diseases, Hygiene, and Safeguards" (1947) B-594
*"When Are Girls Promiscuous? Lessons in Love’s Physiology, for the Virgin and her sister, with questions and answers" (1947) B-596
*"Why Sex Offenders Act that Way: Psychiatry Shows that Sex Delinquents are Desperately Sick People" (1947) B-597
*"The Problem of Unwed Fathers: A Psychiatric Study of a Difficult Situation, with Sidelights on Unmarried Mothers and So-Called Illegitimate children" (1947) B-600
*"Studies in Psychosexuality: Revealing, Strange and Unusual Sex Complexes, and Remedial Means Which may be Applied" (1947) B-603
*"Sexual Fear Fixation — What to Do about It, How to Banish Personal Fears and thus Overcome Their Damaging Effects" (1947) B-609
*"Doubting Fathers: Psychological and Biological Paternity: Can Science Prove Who Is Whose Father? : The Psychology of Parenthood, with Questions and Answers" (1947) B-611
*"The Psychology of Harmonious Marriage: A Book for the Guidance of Husbands, Hives, Sweethearts and Lovers" (1947) B-612
*"The Relation of the Endocrines and Heredity to Development and Intellect: Facts Concerning Stature of Mind and Body: Some Diseases of the Endocrine Glands" (1947) B-615
*"Sexual Problems and their Psychology: A Sexological Manual of Self-Help, with Questions and Answers, Glossary" (1947) B-616
*"Do You Want to Save Your Marriage? : Answers to Plaintive Pleas from Husbands and Wives" (1947) B-617
*"Should Married Lovers Fight? : Pitfalls and What to Do about Them" (1947) B-622
*"Tranvestists Tell Their Stories, Confessions of Persons Who Prefer to Dress like the Opposite Sex" (1947) B-623
*"Gestation in Man and Animals: A Condensation of Facts on Pregnancy, Development, Reproduction and Specie Perpetuation" (1947) B-624
*"Marital Triangles: A Psychological Presentation of Extra-Marital Affairs" (1947) B-627
*"Health, Personality Appeal, and Sex Harmony: A Candid Discussion of Health and Disease and Their Influence on Personality and the Sex Life" (1947) B-630
*"The Biology, Physiology, and Psychology of Sex: a Simple Presentation of Terms" (1947) B-631
*"Diseases of the Genital and Related Organs: A Urologist's Study of the Genito-Urinary System and of the Important Organs Most Directly Related to this System" (1947) B-643
*"The Nervous System in Disease and Health: A Treatise to Help Laymen to a Better Understanding of the Significance of Neurological Procedures, and the Diseases Such Procedures May Reveal" (1947) B-650
*"Psychoquackery: Why It Enjoys Immunity" (1947) B-653
*"What You Should Know About Caesarean" [sic] "Operations" (1947) B-656
*"So You Married an Alcoholic? Facts about Alcohol, Alcoholics, Neurosis and Neurotics" (1947) B-656
*"Sex Fallacies Superstitions and Fact" (1947) B-660
*"Your Blood Pressure and What You Should Know about It" (1948) B-661
*"Man and the Sex Impulse: The Nature of Man, His Behavior, Masculinity and Sexual Nature" (1948) B-670
*"Woman and the Sex Impulse: Amazing Power of Tiny Quantities of a Biochemical Substance and Glands that Make It" (1948) B-671
*"The Child and the Sex Impulse: New Knowledge for Parents and Other Adults" (1948) B-673
*"Psychoanalysis: a Candid Study of the Freudian Philosophy — Facts About Freud's Psychology, His Work and the Critics of Sex Theories That Were 50 Years Ahead of Their Time" (1948) B-674
*"Why There Are Orgastic and Other Sexual Cripples" (1948) B-676
*"William Heirens — Notorious Sex Maniac — A Study of Cases and Causes of Sex Crimes and Criminals, and the Tragic Failure of Correctional Institutions" (1948) B-677
*"Why I Am a Nudist: How an Ugly Duckling Became an Accomplished Beauty" (1948) B-696
*"Life in a Nudist Camp, as Told by Sarge Blank to D.O. Caldwell, M.D." (1948) B-697
*"Now that You are Middle-Aged" (1948) B-699
*"How to be a Midwife: A Book for Midwives, Parents and Others Who May Be Called Upon to Assist in Emergency Childbirth" (1948) B-701
*"Menus for the 18-Day Reducing Diet: Including Alternate Menus for the First Ten Days, with Dietetic Tables, and Dietetic and Health Advice" (1948) B-704
*"Petting as an Erotic Exercise: A Study of the Significance and Techniques of Pre-Coital Play" (1948) B-712
*"Premature Ejaculation — What To Do about It: Study of a Condition Common Among Men of All Ages, With Corrective Methods and Reasons Why They Work" (1948) B-728
*"The Folly of So-Called Sexual Conservation: A Study of the Damaging Theories or Superstitions Concerning Sexual Activities, and the Knowledge that Leads to Sex Power through Understanding" (1948) B-729
*"Sexual Stimulation and Response" (1948) B-731
*"Bisexuality in Patterns of Human Behavior: A Study of Individuals Who Indulge in Both Heterosexual and Homosexual Practices, with Comparative Data on Hermaphrodites, the Human Intersex" (1948) B-732
*"Dietetics — An Encyclopedia of Healthful, Helpful Knowledge" (1948) B-735
*"Nocturnal Emissions: A Study of Wet Dreams: A Searching Inquiry Revealing the Truth about a Natural and Normal Phenomenon" (1948) B-736
*"Animal Contacts: A Study of the Prevalence, Psychology and Social Significance of a Little Understood Form of Sexual Behavior" (1948) B-737
*"Sexual Athletes: A Study of high Frequencies of Sexual Activity, with Comparative Data on Sexual Outlets, Including Explanations and Case" (1947) B-739
*"Aims of the Various Systems of Medicine" (1948) B-742
*"Psoriasis and other Skin Diseases: The Most Puzzling of All Diseases and What To Do About Them" (1948) B-743
*"Health Psychology: Attitudes and Facts Concerning Health and Various Diseases, Including Heart Disease, Cancer, etc." (1948) B-744
*"Nudism and the Truth about Nudists: An Explanation of Various Aspects of Social Nudism, Including an Exhaustive Criticism of the Kinsey Report on Nudity" (1948) B-747
*"Giantism, Dwarfism, Cretinism and Mongolism" (1948) B-748
*"Sex Practices in Marriage — Truth versus Falsity: Case Histories as Related by Married People of Their Own Volition, with Interpretations and Comments" (1948) B-749
*"Positive and Negative Blood: The Rhesus Factor" (1948) B-750
*"Fetishism — How it Manifests Itself: A Study of Eccentricity in its Sexual, Psychopathological, and Other Aspects" (1948) B-770
*"Male Homosexuals Tell their Stories: Facts Revealed by Men Unafraid to Tell the Truth, with Comment and Scientific Interpretations by the Author" (1948) B-771
*"Exhibitionism — How it Manifests Itself: The Natural and the Anti-Social Significance of a Universal Practice, with Sidelights on Its Analogue, Voyeurism" (1948) B-774
*"Female Homosexuals — Lesbians — Tell Their Stories, The truth Concerning their Sexual Natures as Revealed by Courageous Women, with Comment and Interpretation by the Author" (1947) B-776
*"Female Sex Habits: A Candid Study of the Sex and Love Life of American Women" (1948) B-786
*"Voyeurism — A Form of Sexual Behavior: A Critical Study of a Natural Trait That Has Been Given an Erroneous Meaning" (1948) B-787
*"The Strange Story of the Human Egg: The Psychological and Sociological Factors Involved in Human Reproduction" (1949) B-791
*"Technique of Courtship and Marriage" (1949) B-794
*"Unconventional Modes of Sexual Expression: A Study of the Value of Adjustment and the Futility of Punishment of Polysexualists and Sex Variants in Modern Society" (1949) B-796
*"The Sexually Contented Tell Their Stories, Experiences of People Who Have Found their Way to Sexual Happiness" (1949) B-800
*"Advice to the Love-Hungry and Lonely" (1949) B-816
*"Why Be a Nudist? The Intelligent, Delightful and Uninhibited May Be Nudists Just for Fun, or the Hell of It" (1949) B-817
*"How not to be Love-Starved" (1949) B-819
*"Revelations of a Sexologist: Intimate Facts That May Parallel Your Experiences" (1949) B-820
*"The Diary of a Sexologist: Intimate Observations and Experiences Revealed When a Doctor Tells His Story" (1949) B-821
*"The Art of Preserving One's Manhood" (1949) B-822
*"Private Letters from Homosexuals to a Doctor" (1949) B-823
*"Can There Be Love Without Danger?" (1949) B-824
*"What's Wrong with Transvestism? A Compilation of the Diaries of Transvestists as Revealed to the Author, with Letters and Day-by-Day Events from the Lives of Those Who Prefer to Wear the Clothing of the Opposite Sex" (1949) B-825
*"The One-Shot Cure For Syphilis And Gonorrhea: The Latest Facts About This New Approach, How It Came About, What It Is and How It Works Including Some Angles The Professors And Moralists Have Over-Looked" (1949) B-827
*"Why Wives Are Wallflowers" (1949) B-829
*"Wallflower Husbands" (1949) B-830
*"The Truth About Sex Stimulants" (1949) B-831
*"The Intimate Embrace: Some Uncommon Facts About a Natural Function. Is It Dangerous to Prolong, or Not to Prolong Sexual Intercourse? What is the Pop-Fly Embrace? How Dangerous are Excesses? What is, or is Not, Ethical or Propitious? Polytechnics?" (1949) B-838
*" Oddities of Sexual Behavior: Research Reveals Significant Data Covering the Eccentricities of Human Conduct, and Augmented by a Study of Sexual Behavior in the Lower Mammals and Other Forms of Life" (1949) B-840
*"Stammering, Stuttering and Personality Vargaries: You May Stammer, Stutter, or Commit Numerous Vargaries Without Being Aware of It. Eccentricities of Speech May Be Sex-Connected. If You Speak, Play Music, Read, Write, Type, or Associate with Other Human Beings This Booklet Was Written for You" (1946) B-842
*"Questions and Answers on the Sex Life and Sexual Problems of the Married" (1949) B-843
*"Questions and Answers on the Sex Life and the Sexual Problems of the Human Male" (1949) B-844
*"Questions and Answers on the Sex Life and the Sexual Problems of the Human Female" (1949) B-845
*"Questions and Answers on the Sex Life and Sexual Problems of Unmarried Adults" (1949) B-846
*"Questions and Answers on the Sex Life and the Sexual Problems of the Aged" (1949) B-847
*"Questions and Answers on the Sex Life and Sexual Problems of Homosexuals of Both Sexes" (1949) B-848
*"Questions and Answers on the Sex Life and Sexual Problems of Transvestites: An Exhaustive, Revealing, Surprising, Informative, Educational, Entertaining and Even Shocking Encyclopedic Compilation of Seldom-Suspected Facts" (1950) B-853
*"Questions and Answers on the Sex Life and Sexual Problems of Adolescents" (1950) B-855
* [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/cauldwell/cauldwell_04.htm "Questions and Answers on the Sex Life and Sexual Problems of Trans-Sexuals: Trans-Sexuals Are Individuals of One Sex and Appaently Psychologically of the Opposite Sex. Trans-Sexuals Include Heterosexuals, Homosexuals, Bisexuals and Others. A Large Element of Transvestites Have Trans-Sexual Leanings.] (1950) B-856
*"Questions and Answers about the Problems of the Sexually Diseased" (1950) B-857
*"Questions and Answers on the Causes and Treatment of Rectal and Related Diseases" (1950) B-858
*"Questions and Answers on Sex and Age Disparity" (1950) B-859
*"Questions and Answers on Domestic Relations and Their Management" (1950) B-860
*"Questions and Answers Involving Sexual Ethics and Sexual Esthetics" (1950) B-861
*"Questions and Answers on Sex and History" (1950) B-866
*"Questions and Answers on Sex Physique Disparity: Are Males and Females Critically Mismatched in Their Genital Proportions?" (1950) B-867
*"Questions and Answers about the Male Hormone and Male Hormone Therapy" (1950) B-868
*"Questions and Answers about Sex and Medicine" (1950) B-869
*"Questions and Answers on Sex and the American Attitude" (1950) B-870
*"Questions and Answers about Cunnilingus" (1950) B-871
*"Questions and Answers about Pornography" (1950) B-872
*"Questions and Answers on the Relation of Literature to Sex" (1950) B-874
*"Undinism: a Study of a Bizarre but Not Unnatural Eccentricity Involving a Sexual Interest in Urine, Urination, Seeing Others Urinate, etc." (1950) B-875
*"Questions and Answers about Oragenital Contacts: A Compilation of Data Showing What Oragenitalists, Including Fellatorists, Cunnilinguists, and Others, Think of Their Critics with Halitosis" (1950) B-876
*"Questions and Answers about Transvestism in Disguise: Transvestism is a National Popular Eccentricity and Some Transvestists Appear to Be the Last to Find it Out" (1950) B-880
*"Transvestists' Unexpurgated Letters: Intimate Letters Written to a Doctor with the Request that They Be Published as Written by Cross-Dressers" (1950) B-882
*"Questions and Answers about Sexual Art and Photography: Sex Art and Blackmail. Critics Destroy the Beautiful. Cops and Judges Like Sexy Art. Miniature Semi-Nude Beauty in a Fishbowl. Girlie Art, etc." (1950) B-884
*"Questions and Answers on Undinism" (1950) B-885
*"Is Anyone Sexually Normal? Directions for Finding a Dependable Key to Sexual Normality and Abnormality" (1950) 903
*"Now You Can Have a Happy Marriage — Barriers Heretofore Branding Various Acts of Love as Perverse and Immoral Now Removed with Church Approval" (1951) 917
* [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/cauldwell/cauldwell_05.htm "Sex Transmutation — Can One’s Sex Be Changed? There’s but a Thin Genetic Line between the Sexes, but the Would-Be Transmutee Battles Forces More Stubborn than the Genes"] (1951) B-932
*"Can You Become a Parent?: Facts about Parenthood, Genetics and the Philosophy of Parenthood Every Adult Male and Female Should Know" (1951) B-933

Other

*“Natural Methods Best in Mental Disease” in "New Physical Culture" August 1946
* [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/cauldwell/cauldwell_02.htm “Psychopathia Transexualis” in "Sexology: Sex Science Magazine" vol. 16 (1949)]
*“The Rubber Fetishist” in "Sexology: Sex Science Magazine" vol. 24 (1957)

*"Oral Genital Contacts" (1950)

*"Transvestism: Men in Female Dress" (editor, 1956)
*"The Deviant Female" (editor, year unknown, probably an exploitative recycling)

External links

* [http://library.pittstate.edu/spcoll/ndxhjulius.html The E. Haldeman-Julius Collection at the Leonard H. Axe Library of Pittsburg (Kansas) State University]