List of wettest tropical cyclones by country

List of wettest tropical cyclones by country

This is a list of wetest tropical cyclones by country, using all known available sources. Data is most complete for Australia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Japan, Hong Kong, Mexico, Taiwan, Yap, Chuuk, and the United States, with fragmentary data available for other countries. The French region of Réunion holds several world records for tropical cyclone rainfall, due to the rough topography and its proximity to the Indian ocean.

Australia

Christmas Island

Taiwan/Taipei

Cuba

Hurricane Flora of October 1963 drifted across Cuba for four days, leading to extreme rainfall across the mountainous island country. During the heaviest 24 hour period of rainfall, 735 mm/28.94" of rain fell at Santiago de Cuba. Total amounts of 2033 mm/80.04" over 4 days and 2550 mm/100.40" over 5 days produced staggering loss of life in Cuba, where over 2000 perished.cite web|author=Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos|year=2003|title=Lluvias intensas observadas y grandes inundaciones reportadas|language=Spanish|accessdate=2007-02-10|url=http://www.hidro.cu/hidrologia1.htm]

Dominica, Eastern Caribbean

The islands of the eastern Caribbean are constantly threatened by tropical storms and hurricanes, mainly between August and October. Dominica is a rugged island, with spots of elevation as high as nearly convert|4750|ft|m. [WorldAtlas.com. [http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/dm.htm Dominica.] Retrieved on 2007-02-19.] As Hurricane Jeanne moved through the region, convert|422.3|mm|in of rain fell during the 24 hour period ending on the morning of September 15, 2004.

Dominican Republic

This country, taking up two-thirds of Hispaniola, has some of the highest terrain surrounding the Caribbean Sea, with Pico Duarte peaking at convert|10700|ft|m above sea level. [Dominican Republic Page. [http://www.dominicanrepublicpage.com/Geography_Map.html Dominican Republic Geography.] Retrieved on 2007-02-19.] Most of the tropical cyclone rainfall totals on the list below are 24 hour maxima, which likely underrepresent the storm total.

Federated States of Micronesia

Chuuk

Elevations of the islands surrounding Chuuk lagoon reach a height of about convert|1450|ft|m. [Colorado State University. [http://euler.atmos.colostate.edu/~vigh/discussion/chuuk_topography.htm Topography of Chuuk (Truk) Lagoon.] Retrieved on 2007-02-19.] Typhoon Chataan led to excessive rainfall on this island from June 23-July 3 of 2002, when a total of 939 mm/36.96 inches fell. During the time frame when Chataan was declared a tropical cyclone from July 1-3, 622 mm/24.49 inches fell, with 506 mm/19.92 inches falling on the 2nd alone at the international airport.cite web | url = http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0207.htm | title = Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: July 2002 | accessdate = 2007-01-13 | last = Padgett | first = Gary | coauthors = John Wallace, and Kevin Boyle | date = 2006-12-27 | work = Australian Severe Weather Index | publisher = Jimmy Deguara]

Pohnpei

This mountainous island lies in the tropical northwest Pacific Ocean.

Indonesia

The precursor tropical disturbance of Tropical Cyclone Inigo in April 2003 dropped heavy rainfall in eastern Indonesia. The rainfall caused flash flooding and mudslides, primarily in Flores but also on West Timorcite web|author=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=2003-04-03|title=Indonesia - Landslides OCHA Situation Report No. 1|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2008-01-06|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64CUJB?OpenDocument&rc=3&emid=SL-2003-0155-IDN] and Sumba.cite web|author=Bureau of Meteorology Special Services Unit|year=2003|title=Tropical Cyclone Inigo (March 30 - April 8)|publisher=Government of Australia|accessdate=2008-01-05|url=http://ssu1.bom.gov.au/wa/cyf/reports/Inigo/Inigo.htm] In some locations, the depth of the floodwaters reached convert|5|m|ft. The Oessao River in West Timor exceeded its banks, which flooded seven villages. In Kupang in West Timor, the system destroyed hundreds of homes and large fields of corn, bean, and rice crop. Heavy damage was reported near Ende, where flooding and mudslides destroyed 20 houses and destroyed the roads connecting to East Flores. The city airport was flooded with one meter (3 ft) of water, preventing aerial transportation and which left the city temporarily isolated. In East Flores Regency in eastern Flores Island, the system left 75 destroyed houses, along with 77 severely damaged and a further 56 receiving light damage.

Japan

The mountainous island archipelago is constantly struck by typhoons recurving out of the tropics, which are normally in extratropical transition as they pass through Japan. Typhoon Meari/Quinta of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season led to heavy rain at Owase with the highest 24 hour total of convert|741|mm|in ending at 1500 UTC on the 29th. Typhoon Saomai in 2000 produced record rainfall at Nagoya, convert|584.2|mm|in in 24 hours.Tropical Storm Risk. [http://forecast.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/docs/TSR_NWP_2000_Summary+Verif.pdf Summary of the 2000 NW Pacific Typhoon Season and Verification of Author's Seasonal Forecasts.] Retrieved on 2007-02-19.] Fran of the 1976 Pacific typhoon season holds the national 24-hour precipitation record of convert|1174|mm|in.Kitamoto Asanobu. [http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/links.html.en Digital Typhoon: Link Collection.] Retrieved on 2007-02-19.]

Madagascar

The north end of the island, known as the Tsaratanana Massif region, contains terrain with elevations up to 9417 feet/2880 meters. [Library of Congress Country Studies and CIA World Factbook. [http://www.photius.com/countries/madagascar/geography/madagascar_geography_topography.html Madagascar Topography.] Retrieved on 2007-02-19.]

Mexico

Hurricane Wilma of 2005 drifted over the northeast portion of the Yucatan peninsula for a couple of days, dropping significant rains. A report of convert|1576|mm|in was reported by the Servicio Meteorologicio Nacional in Mexico, [Comisión Nacional del Agua. [http://smn.cna.gob.mx/ciclones/tempo2005/atlantico/wilma/wilma.pdf Resumen del Huracán "Wilma" del Océano Atlántico: Oct 15-25, 2005.] Retrieved on 2007-02-19.] which is the wettest known 24-hour rainfall amount ever measured in Mexico. Second on the list is from Tropical Storm Frances in 1998, which accumulated up to convert|1019|mm|in of rain at Independencia in southern Chiapas. [Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/frances1998.html Tropical Storm Frances] Retrieved on 2007-01-13.] Below is a list of the highest known storm total rainfall amounts from individual tropical cyclones across Mexico. Most of the rainfall information was provided by the Mexico's National Weather Service, "Servicio Meteorologico Nacional", which is a part of the National Water Commission, "Comisión Nacional del Agua".

Nepal

Some of the highest elevations on the planet lie in Nepal, with heights up to convert|26160|ft|m in the peaks of the Himalayas.RAO online. [http://www.raonline.ch/pages/np/nat/np_geology02.html Nepal's Geology.] Retrieved on 2007-02-19.] During a tropical depression that affected the Indian Subcontinent in 2004, convert|51.3|mm|in of rain fell at Kathmandu airport in the 24 hour period ending at 1200 UTC on October 7.

New Zealand

Most tropical cyclones which pass near New Zealand are in extratropical transition (ET), which can enhance their heavy rainfall threat.

Pakistan

Tropical cyclones from the Arabian Sea occasionally wander into Pakistan. Like Oman, the dry air from the surrounding deserts leads to substantial weakening before a tropical cyclone can make landfall. The remains of Onil of October 2004 struck the country as merely a remnant low. However, rainfall amounts of 145 mm/5.71" fell in 36 hours between October 2 and 3rd at Thatta.

Palau

Palau consists of a string of islands that is rugged and surrounds a lagoon. Elevations up to convert|2060|ft|m exist within the island group. [Nations Encyclopedia. [http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Palau-TOPOGRAPHY.html Palau.] Retrieved on 2007-02-25.]

Tahiti

Tropical Depression 2F/Tropical Cyclone 8P from December 1998 brought a convergent band of warm-topped convection to Tahiti while lurking 300 mi/500 km from the island. This band was quite efficient at rainfall production, as Station Tiare #2 reported 550 mm/21.65" of rainfall from this rainband.cite web | url = http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/1999/summ9812.htm | title = Tropical Cyclone Summary - December 1998 | accessdate = 2007-02-09 | last = Padgett | first = Gary | date = 2000-01-29 | work = Australian Severe Weather index | publisher = Jimmy Deguara]

Takaroa, French Polynesia, Southwest Pacific

During Tropical Cyclone Judy of December 2004, 160 mm/6.30" of rain fell between 0000 and 1200 UTC on the 24th, bringing the 3 1/2 day rain total from the system up to 356 mm/14.02". [Gary Padgett. [http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0412.htm MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY: DECEMBER, 2004.] Retrieved on 2007-02-19.]

Thailand

Tropical cyclones occasionally cross the Malay Peninsula from the northwest Pacific into the Bay of Bengal.

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico has seen dramatic rainfall from tropical cyclones and their precursor disturbances. The most recent tropical cyclone-related deluge was from Hurricane Georges from September 1998, when 775 mm/30.51 inches of rain was measured at Jayuya. [Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/georges1998.html Hurricane Georges.] Retrieved on 2007-01-17.] The heaviest rainfall noted over the past 30 years was from the precursor disturbance to Tropical Storm Isabel (1985), when 804 mm/31.67 inches fell at Toro Negro Forest. [Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/isabel1985.html Tropical Storm Isabel.] Retrieved on 2007-01-17.] Hurricane Eloise of 1975 dropped 946 mm/33.29 inches of rainfall at Dos Bocas, with 586 mm/23.07 inches falling in 24 hours. Below is a list of the top ten highest known storm total rainfall amounts from individual tropical cyclones across Puerto Rico since 1960. The rainfall information was gathered from the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina.

American Samoa

Tropical cyclones impact the island chain with tropical storm-force winds once every three years, on average. [Astrid Sesega. [http://www.samoalivenews.com/Health/Cyclone-Fears-High-In-Samoa.html Cyclone Fears High In Samoa.] Retrieved on 2008-03-07.]

Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific

Tropical cyclone Ivy in February 2004 led to 254.4 mm/10" of rain at Bauerfield on the 26th. [cite web | url = http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2004/summ0402.htm | title = Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary February 2004 | accessdate = 2007-01-13 | last = Padgett | first = Gary | coauthors = Kevin Boyle, Huang Chunliang, and Simon Clarke | date = 2006-10-26 | work = Australian Severe Weather Index | publisher = Jimmy Deguara]

Venezuela

A few tropical cyclones have skimmed the northern coast of South America over recent decades. Tropical Storm Bret (1993) dropped convert|339|mm|in of rain in ten hours at Guanare, Portuguesa, Venezuela.cite web | url = http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1993-prelim/bret/prelim03.gif| title = Casualty and Damage Statistics | accessdate = 2007-01-17 | last = Pasch | first = Richard J. | date = 1993-11-22 | format = GIF | work = Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Bret - 4-11 August 1993 | publisher = National Hurricane Center]

Vietnam

ee also

*China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
*Extratropical cyclone
*List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States
*Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
*Tropical cyclone
*Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
*Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting
*Tropical cyclogenesis
*United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology

References

Related external links

* [http://oreworld.org/rainfall.htm Camp Perrin, Haiti Rainfall Records]
* [http://isis.uwimona.edu.jm/uds/GEOHAZARDS_2001/GEOHAZ2001-016.html Hurricane Impacts on Jamaica]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcrainfall.html Individual Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for United States]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcpr.html Individual Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands]
* [http://www.hidro.cu/hidrologia1.htm Major Hydrologic Events in Cuba since 1962]
* [http://pao.cnmoc.navy.mil/pao/Heavyweather/thh_nc/guam/apra/graphics/tab2-8.gifMaximum 24-hour rainfall totals on Guam 1924-1992]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcstatemaxima.gifMaximum amounts in the lower 48 United States by state]
* [http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/antilles/pack-public/cyclone/traj/traj99/special/lenny.htm Meteo-France Report on Lenny (1999)]
* [http://smn.cna.gob.mx/ciclones/tempo2005/atlantico/wilma/wilma.pdf Mexico's Report on Hurricane Wilma (2005) on their country]
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000keith.html NHC's report on Hurricane Keith (2000)]
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999lenny.html NHC's report on Hurricane Lenny (1999)]
* [http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/data/pdfs/Pongsona_assessment_Final.pdf NWS Service Assessment for Typhoon Pongsona (2002)]
* [http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/MET/Enso/peu/2005_1st/guam_cnmi.htm Pacific ENSO update - 1st quarter 2005]
* [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/iwtc/ChenLianshou2-1.html Typhoon Rainfall Statistics and Forecasting (China)]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcrainfall.html United States Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology]
* [http://www.cassowaryconservation.asn.au/Resource/WeatherRainfallCyclones.htm Weather-Rainfall-Cyclones Australia]
* [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E4.html World Records for Tropical Cyclone Rainfall]
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/Deadliest_Costliest.shtml Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2004]
* [http://www.fema.gov/areyouready/hurricanes.shtm Are You Ready? Hurricanes]


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