Ampelography

Ampelography (Αμπελος, "vine" + γραφος, 'writing') is the field of botany concerned with the identification and classification of grapevines, "Vitis spp.". Traditionally this has been done by comparing the shape and colour of the vine leaves and grape berries, more recently the study of vines has been revolutionised by DNA fingerprinting.

Early history

The grape vine is an extremely variable species, and some , such as Pinot, mutate particularly frequently. At the same time, the wine and table grape industries have been important since ancient times, and so large sums of money can depend on the correct identification of different varieties and clones of grapevines.

The science of ampelography began seriously in the 19th Century, when it suddenly became important to understand more about the different species of vine, as they had very different resistance to disease and pests such as phylloxera.

Many vine identification books were published at this time, of which one of the greatest is Victor Rendu's "Ampélographie française" of 1857, featuring beautiful hand-coloured lithographs by Eugene Grobon.

Pierre Galet

Up until the Second World War, ampelography had been an art. Then Pierre Galet of the Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier made a systematic assembly of criteria for the identification of vines. The Galet system was based on the shape and contours of the leaves, the characteristics of growing shoots, shoot tips, petioles, the sex of the flowers, the shape of the grape clusters, and the colour, size and pips of the grapes themselves. The grapes are less affected by environmental factors than the leaves and the shoots, but are obviously not around for as long. He even included grape flavour as a criterion, but this is rather subjective.

Galet then published the definitive book, "Ampélographie Pratique", in 1952, featuring 9600 types of vine. "Ampélographie Pratique" was translated into English in 1979, and was updated in 2000.

DNA

Carole Meredith at the University of California, Davis pioneered the use of genetic fingerprinting for vine identification. Famous successes with the technique include proving the identity of Zinfandel, Primitivo, and Crljenak Kaštelanski, and identifying the parents of Sangiovese as Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo. Such exercises are giving valuable insight into historical patterns of trade and migration.

DNA fingerprinting uses segments of DNA that don't affect the look or taste of the grapes. More recent work has identified the genes responsible for the differences between grape varieties, such as the VvMYBA1 and VvMYBA2 genes that control grape colour, or the VvGAI1 gene that is mutated in some cells of Pinot meunier compared to Pinot noir. [Paul K. Boss and Mark R. Thomas [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6883/full/416847a.html Association of dwarfism and floral induction with a grape 'green revolution' mutation] Boss & Thomas, Nature 416, 847-850 (25 April 2002)]

ee also

The original Galet "Ampélographie Pratique" is the definitive book, either in French or in English translation, but has long been out of print and of course does not include any of the DNA evidence.
*Rendu,Victor (1857) [http://www.winelit.slsa.sa.gov.au/top_dozen/TD_AmpF_1857_01.htm "Ampélographie française"] Paris
*Galet, Pierre (1952) "Précis d’Ampélographie Pratique"
*Galet, Pierre trans. Lucie Morton (1979) "A Practical Ampelography: Grapevine Identification" Cornell University Press The long-overdue English translation
*Galet, Pierre ed. Pierre Roller (2000) "Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages" Hachette ISBN 2012363318 is an updated version
*Galet, Pierre (2002) "Grape Varieties: A Study of Wine", Hachette Wine Library (Cassell), ISBN 0304364096 is a decent summary in English.
* Kerridge, George & Antcliff, Allan (1999) [http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/18/pid/2186.htm "Wine Grape Varieties"] CSIRO Publishing, ISBN 0643059822 is a good book from Australia aimed at growers
* "Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes" (OUP, ISBN 0198600984) is a cut-down version of her earlier "Vines, Grapes & Wines: The Wine Drinker's Guide to Grape Varieties"

References