Adeste Fideles

The start of Adeste Fideles.

"Adeste Fideles" is a hymn tune attributed to English hymnist John Francis Wade (although the exact authorship is unknown and disputed). The text itself has unclear beginnings, and may have been written in the 13th century by John of Reading, though it has been concluded that Wade was probably the author.^[1]

The original four verses of the hymn were extended to a total of eight, and these have been translated into many languages many times, though the English "O Come, All Ye Faithful" translation by the English Roman Catholic priest Frederick Oakeley^[2] is particularly widespread.

Tune

Before the emergence of John Francis Wade as the probable composer, the tune had been purported to be written by several musicians, from John Reading and his son to Handel and even Gluck, including the Portuguese composer Marcos Portugal. There are several similar musical themes written around that time, though it can be hard to determine whether these were written in imitation of the hymn, the hymn was based on them, or they are totally unconnected.

The earliest existing manuscript shows both words and tune. John Francis Wade included it in his own publication of Cantus Diversi (1751). It was published again in the 1760 edition of Evening Offices of the Church. It also appeared in Samuel Webbe's An Essay on the Church Plain Chant (1782).

Lyrics

Commonly used and/or accepted lyrics are:

English

O come, all ye faithful,
Joyful and triumphant!
O come ye, O come ye to Bethlehem;
Come and behold him
Born the King of Angels:

Chorus:
O come, let us adore Him,
O come, let us adore Him,
O come, let us adore Him,
Christ the Lord.

God of God,
Light of Light,
Lo, he abhors not the Virgin's womb;
Very God,
Begotten, not created:

Sing, choirs of angels,
Sing in exultation,
Sing, all ye citizens of Heaven above!
Glory to God
In the highest:

Yea, Lord, we greet thee,
Born this happy morning;
Jesus, to thee be glory given!
Word of the Father,
Now in flesh appearing!

Latin

The following verses are generally attributed to Wade and correspond to the English verses given above.

Adéste fidéles laeti triumphántes,
Veníte, veníte in Béthlehem.
Natum vidéte Regem angelórum.
Veníte adorémus (ter)
Dóminum.

Deum de Deo, lumen de lúmine,
Gestant puéllae víscera.
Deum verum, génitum non factum.
Veníte adorémus (ter)
Dóminum.

Cantet nunc 'Io', chorus angelórum;
Cantet nunc aula caeléstium,
Glória! Soli Deo Glória!
Veníte adorémus (ter)
Dóminum.

Ergo qui natus die hodiérna.
Jesu, tibi sit glória,
Patris aetérni Verbum caro factum.
Veníte adorémus (ter)
Dóminum.

There are additional Latin verses in various sources. For example:

En grege relícto, húmiles ad cunas,
Vocáti pastóres adpróperant:
Et nos ovánti gradu festinémus,
Veníte adorémus, veníte adorémus,
Veníte adorémus Dóminum.

Text

The original text has been from time to time attributed to various groups and individuals, including St. Bonaventure in the 13th century or King John IV of Portugal in the 17th, though it was more commonly believed that the text was written by an order of monks, the Cistercian, German, Portuguese and Spanish orders having, at various times, been given credit.

The original text consisted of four Latin verses, and it was with these that the hymn was originally published. The Abbé Étienne Jean François Borderies wrote an additional three verses in the 18th century; these are normally printed as the third to fifth of seven verses, while another, anonymous, additional Latin verse is rarely printed. The text has been translated innumerable times, but the most used version today is the English "O Come, All Ye Faithful". This is a combination of one of Frederick Oakeley's translations of the original four verses and William Thomas Brooke's of the three additional ones, which was first published in Murray's Hymnal in 1852.

King John IV

The most commonly named Portuguese author is King John IV of Portugal (Portuguese: João IV de Portugal, pronounced: [ʒuˈɐ̃w̃]). "The Musician King" (1603–1656, came to the throne in 1640) was a patron of music and the arts, and a considerably sophisticated writer on music; in addition, he was a composer, and during his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world (destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake of 1755). The first part of his musical work was published in 1649. He founded a Music School in Vila Viçosa that "exported" musicians to Spain and Italy and it was there at his Vila Viçosa palace that the two manuscripts of the "Portuguese Hymn" have been found. Those manuscripts (1640) predate Wade's eighteenth-century manuscript. Among the King's writings is a Defense of Modern Music (Lisbon, 1649). In the same year (1649) he had a huge struggle to get instrumental music approved by the Vatican for use in the Catholic Church. His other famous composition is a setting of the Crux fidelis, a work that remains highly popular during Lent amongst church choirs.

Jacobite connection

The hymn has been interpreted as a Jacobite birth ode to Bonnie Prince Charlie.^[3] Professor Bennett Zon, head of music at Durham University, claims the carol is actually a birth ode to Bonnie Prince Charlie, the secret political code being decipherable by the "faithful" — supposedly the Jacobites, with Bethlehem a common Jacobite cipher for England and Regem Angelorum a pun on Angelorum (Angels) and Anglorum (English).^[3] From the 1740s to 1770s the earliest forms of the carol commonly appeared in English Roman Catholic liturgical books close to prayers for the exiled Old Pretender. In the books by Wade it was often decorated with Jacobite floral imagery, as were other liturgical texts with coded Jacobite meanings.^[4]

Performance

In performance verses are often omitted, either because the hymn is too long in its entirety or because the words are unsuitable for the day on which they are sung. For example the eighth anonymous verse is only sung on Epiphany, if at all; while the last verse of the original is normally reserved for Christmas Midnight Mass, Mass at Dawn, or Mass During the Day. In the United Kingdom and United States it is often sung today in an arrangement by Sir David Willcocks, which was originally published in 1961 by Oxford University Press in the first book in the Carols for Choirs series. This arrangement makes use of the basic harmonisation from The English Hymnal but adds a soprano descant in verse 6 (verse 3 in the original) with its reharmonised organ accompaniment, and a last verse harmonisation in verse 7 (verse 4 in the original), which is sung in unison.

This carol has served as the second-last hymn sung at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols in King's College, Cambridge, after the last lesson from Chapter 1 of the Gospel of John.

Numerous cover versions have been recorded by artists from around the world, including Jackie Evancho, Gerry Rafferty, Bing Crosby, Nat King Cole, Elvis Presley, Celine Dion, Josh Groban, Twisted Sister, Brian McKnight, Mariah Carey, Christian Bautista, Jim Reeves, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Enya and Take 6. In 1965 Sergio Franchi recorded the English version on his Billboard Top 40 album, The Heart of Christmas.^[5]

The Portuguese Hymn

The hymn was known for a while as the Portuguese Hymn after the Duke of Leeds in 1795 heard the hymn being sung at the Portuguese embassy in London and assumed that it had originated from Portugal.^[1] The translation that he heard differs greatly from the Oakeley-Brooke translation.

Also a different account of the story, which is more believed to be true, is that King John IV of Portugal wrote this hymn to accompany his daughter Catherine to England, where she married King Charles II. Wherever she went she and her embassy, were announced and accompanied with this hymn, which became widely know in England as the Portuguese Hymn, because it actually represented Portugal (in the form of the Princess).

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Stephan, John (1947). Adeste Fideles: A Study On Its Origin And Development. Buckfast Abbey. http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/Images/Stephan/adeste_fideles_a_study_on_its_or.htm. Retrieved 1 October 2007. 
2. ^ "Frederick Oakeley 1802-1880". http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/o/a/oakeley_f.htm. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "Carol is 'ode to Bonnie Prince'". BBC. 18 December 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wear/7789477.stm. Retrieved 18 December 2007. 
4. ^ "News & Events : News". ‘O Come All Ye Faithful’ - Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Christmas Carol. Durham University. 19 December 2008. http://www.dur.ac.uk/news/newsitem/?itemno=7328. Retrieved 21 December 2008. 
5. ^ http://www.discogs.com Sergio Franchi

• Musica Sacra em Minas Gerais no século XVIII, ISSN nº 1676-7748 - n25 1998, Professor José Maria Neves

External links

• Text, translations and settings of Adeste Fideles in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
• Free sheet music of O Come, All ye Faithful for SATB from Cantorion.org
• Adeste, Fideles - two 19th century arrangements
• Original Latin and English translation