Savoia-Marchetti SM.82

Infobox Aircraft
name=SM.82 Marsupiale


caption=
type=Heavy bomber/transport
manufacturer= Savoia-Marchetti
designer=
first flight= 1939
introduced= 1941
retired= After 1960
status=
primary user=Regia Aeronautica
more users=Luftwaffe Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana Aeronautica Militare
produced= 1939-1944
number built= about 720
unit cost=
variants with their own articles=

The Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 "Marsupiale" (en: Marsupial) was an Italian bomber and transport aircraft of World War II. It was a cantilever, mid-wing monoplane trimotor with a retractable, tailwheel undercarriage. Most SM.82s were configured for the transport role, while a few aircraft served in their secondary role as bombers as it was the only Italian aircraft capable of strategic bombing at the beginning of the war, until the arrival of the Piaggio P.108 in 1942.

After the Italian surrender in World War II those SM.82s that remained in service were used as transport aircraft well into the postwar period.

Development

The SM.82 "Marsupiale" was developed from the earlier SM.75 Marsupiale civil transport as a heavy bomber and military transport. Although having the same configuration of the SM.75, the SM.82 was larger. The aircraft was quickly developed and the prototype first flew in 1939. Although underpowered and slow, it was capable of carrying heavy loads, including the L3 light tank and a complete disassembled CR.42 fighter (these loads demanded special modifications, though). It had both cargo and troop transport capability, with room up to 40 men and their equipment.

Deliveries to the Regia Aeronautica began in 1940. However, production rates were slow, with only 100 aircraft delivered in 1940, and another 100 in 1941, so that there were never enough of these aircraft in service. By 1942 production doubled to 200 a year, while in 1944 almost 300 were produced, by which time the factory was under the control of the Germans.

Design

The SM.82's fuselage was of mixed-construction, with welded-steel tube framework, with 22 frames and four longerons, skinned with metal forward, and plywood and fabric elsewhere. The wings were constructed almost entirely of wood, having three T-section spars, and 42 ribs in each. The flaps were made from a single piece of wood, while the ribs were of light and flexible poplar. The skin was of fabric-covered plywood, doped to be water-resistant. The ailerons (+13/-28) occupied about half of the wing's trailing-edge while Handley Page slats occupied the leading-edge. The tail had a conventional spruce structure and a plywood skin, while the rudder and elevators were a fabric-covered metal framework.

Inside there were two levels. The upper level held seats for 32. The lower level was used for freight or to carry bombs when used in the bombing role, with two large duralumin bomb bay doors. The floor was made of wood, with nine detachable panels, that helped with the accommodation (through the bomb bay doors) of heavy loads. The cockpit held four: two pilots, with the first (on the left) with an armoured seat, a mechanic and an engineer/gunner.

Internal equipment comprised a radio-transmitter (AR8 and AR350), a fire extinguisher system, an electrical generator. The instruments included altimeters, thermometers, compass, clock, and a Telefunken P63N radio goniometer.

The SM.82 was fitted with three 860 hp Alfa Romeo 128 RC.18 radial engines with aluminium and steel three-bladed constant-speed propellers 3.6 m (11 ft 9 in) in diameter. These engines were the ultimate evolution of the license-built Bristol Pegasus.

The aircraft had six self-sealing fuel tanks in each wing, three between the second and third spar, with a total of 1,276 litres. Between the first and second spar there were another three fuel tanks with 653 litres. Another tank in the nose, with 167 litres of 100 octane fuel (rather than 87) for the electric generator. The total weight of fuel amounted to 4,403 kg, plus 136 litres of oil.Lembo 2002, p.5.] .

The SM.82 had both defensive and offensive armament. For offensive purposes it could carry a very wide range of ordnance, up to 4,000 kg.
* 4 x 800 kg
* 8 x 500 kg
* 8 x 250 kg
* 27 x 50 or 100 kg bombs
* 25 × 100 kg cluster bombs, each containing 56 bomblets, though these were rarely used.

Control over bomb release was in the retractable ventral bombardier's gondola, which was also fitted with a rear-facing 7.7 mm Breda machine gunLembo 2002, p. 5.] . Inside there was Jozza aiming system. Because of the three-engine configuration accommodation for the bombardier was far from ideal, being cramped, unheated, unpressurized, and not connected to the oxygen system. The 1 mm steel structure was also highly vulnerable to enemy fire.

For protection, only the first pilot's seat was armoured, while the self-sealing fuel tanks were proofed, theoretically, against 12.7 mm rounds, but did not have CO₂ pressurization to prevent explosions if they were hit by tracer, incendiary or explosive rounds. No other armour was fitted. All this made it extremely vulnerable to enemy fire. The SM.79s, also fitted with self-sealing tanks, were easily shot down in flames by the 7.7 mm (.303 in) rounds of early British fightersLembo 2002, p.5.] .

The main defensive weapon was a Caproni-Lanciani rotating dorsal turret, armed with a Scotti 12.7 mm machine gun with 350 rounds. This weapon was theoretically more powerful and lighter than the Breda-SAFAT, but reliability was a concern, and projectile dispersion was so wide as to reduce the useful theoretical range of 400 metres to around 200 metres in practice. Additional 7.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns were mounted in each side and in the bombardier's gondola, with four 215-round magazines each. The gondola's machine gun was of little use given the cramped accommodation, and was often not fitted, even in the SM.82 equipped for the bombing role.Lembo 2002, p.5.] German machine-guns were used in the Luftwaffe versions, with the 13 mm MG 131 in the turret. 7.92 mm MG 17s were used in some aircraft.

The SM.82's performance was modest, with a cruising speed only 250 km/h at 3,000 m, even without the bombardier's gondola under the nose (which added more drag), it was slow, while its silhouette was large and easy to spot. The ceiling was seldom over 5,000 m. This left the SM.82 well inside the operational altitude of most fighters of the time, as well as the effective range of heavy and medium anti-aircraft guns. In comparison the B-17 had a ceiling of 6,000-9,000 metres, almost out of range of both German 88 mm AA and FW 190 fighters.

In operation, when faced with a fighter opposition, the SM.82 suffered a devastating loss rate. On 24 November 1942, three Beaufighters downed seven SM.82s, a 100% loss. Later on 10 April 1943, ten out of 20 in formation were downed by a single pass of a P-38 Lightning squadron. At altitude the SM.82 was almost a fixed target for both flak and fighter opposition.

Operational history

Early missions

The first missions were to transport Italian troops to Libya, together with their heavy equipment, but the first two squadrons had only three SM.82s each. The first flights were made the beginning of June 1940, transporting 360 men of 61° Infantry Regiment.

Initially the aircraft were organized in 149° Gruppo, with a SM.73 and SM.75. On the 17 June 1940 the first mission for all five aircraft of the Gruppo, transported ten anti-tank guns and 17 radio-communication units.

By 24 June there were 11 aircraft employed in transporting men and equipment to Africa. Within a few weeks a further 25 were delivered, with 50% efficiency on average. On 24 June, the first SM.82 was lost during a resupply mission in the desert.

In July 1940 a series of bombing missions to Gibraltar was organized, with 1,000 kg of bombs in each aircraft. The first bombing mission was on 17 July 1940 with three SM.82s taking off from Guidonia at 19.40, and flying 1,600 km (995 mi) to arrive over Gibraltar eight hours later at 03.40. Another mission was launched from Sardinia to shorten the journey, then another on 20 August, this time by 32° Wing. However one of the two aircraft, carrying a 1,000 kg bombload, was shot down. The other two aircraft in 32° Wing were reassigned to transport squadrons.

In mid 1940 41° Group was sent to Rodi with three SM.82s, and other four in October, for the special mission to the British-controlled oil refineries at Manama in the Persian Gulf. This meant a flight of 4,200 km (2,610 mi), lasting 15 hours at 270 km/h, that was for the time arguably a record for a bombing mission. Four SM.82s took off from Rhodes, under the command of Ettore Muti. Each aircraft carried a load of 1,500 kgLembo 2002, p.5.] . This long-range action was successful, taking the target totally by surprise, and the SM.82s landed without problems at Zula. This raid caused the Allies some concerns, forcing them to upgrade their defences. This, more than the limited amount of damage caused, further stretched Allied military resources.

However the scarcity of SM.82s hampered further long-range missions, though some actions were carried out. Six single aircraft night bombing missions were mounted, mainly against Alexandria, in October and November 1940. All these missions were performed by SM.82s of 114° Gruppo, but all of their aircraft were destroyed or damaged by the time of Operation Compass in December 1940.

East African Campaign

However the need for transport aircraft meant apart from occasional special operations, like dropping paratroops, the SM.82s were used solely in this role; especially to maintain contact with Eastern Africa which was more and more isolated from the rest of the Italian forces.

Italy at that time had control of part of East Africa (AOI, "Africa Orientale Italiana"), and needed a long-range supply aircraft to support its troops fighting the East African Campaign.

149° Gruppo flew many missions over the Adriatic, and to Ethiopia, despite the fact that the pilots were convinced that given the strong, contrary winds, the slow SM.82s would be unable to return to Libya.

The missions to eastern Africa were carried out with a 1,300 litre auxiliary tank fitted, and the first mission was successfully performed on 27 July 1940, between Benghazi (Libya) and Asmara (Eritrea). However on the fourth mission aircraft "MM.60277" overran the airstrip and was largely destroyed by fire. 149° Gruppo flew 330 missions with its S.82s, S.75s and S.83s. By the end of 1940, the SM.82s had logged 5,187 hours flight time, with 16,267 passengers and 2,247 tonnes of materials.

On 23 August 1940 the first delivery of a Fiat CR.42 fighter was made to Eastern Africa. By April 1941 51 CR.42s and 51 reserve engines had been delivered, but despite this effort the AOI fell to the Allies in May 1941.Lembo 2002, p.5.]

In March 1941 32° Wing received some new SM.82s, and organized five bombing missions over Gibraltar in June and July, always with only one aircraft. On 1 April 1942, another attack was made three aircraft that dropped eighteen 160 kg bombs. All this accounted for just eight attacks in almost two years on this key British position, with around twenty aircraft (between one and three each time), and a little more than a tonne of bombs delivered by each aircraft.

North Africa

The Special Bombing Section was constituted, with only two SM.82s, on 10 April 1941, and another five aircraft were delivered later. They performed only a few missions as bombers, including two over Alexandria in May and June, before being used as transports.

On 1 March 1941 146° Gruppo was formed with 17 SM.82s, one SM.79 and one Ca.164. 146° Gruppo, along with 145° and 149° Gruppo, were mainly involved in transport missions to North Africa. In May 1941 during the Anglo-Iraqi War the Iraqis requested help from Axis air forces, and SM.82s flew several missions via Syria carrying a total of 18 tonnes of equipment and 25 persons.

In July 1941 37° Gruppo was equipped with SM.82s. In 1942 18° Wing, and then 44°, 45°, and 48° Wing were equipped with the aircraft. From the end of 1942 these aircraft flew many supply missions across the Mediterranean, until Operation Flax in April 1943 ended the air bridge to Axis forces in Tunisia.

The SM.82 suffered many losses. In December 1941 six were destroyed by Bristol Blenheims at Castelvetrano airfield in a single night. In the last months of the North African campaign, SM.82s were used to send troops and materials, even though it was clear that this campaign was lost after El Alamein. Around 100 SM.82 were shot down or destroyed on the ground between November 1942 and April 1943.Lembo 2002, p.5.]

Among other episodes, on 2 November 1942, seven (or six depending on source) SM.82s were forced to land (or crashed) by only three Beaufighters. On 12 November 1942, six Beaufighters downed an entire formation of five SM.82s. On 22 November ten SM.82s were attacked by three Beaufighters, causing much damage and killing or wounding many of the troops inside the unarmoured aircraft. On 10 April 1943 another seven were downed, four more on 16 April, and finally on 19 April 1943 twelve SM.82, one SM.75, and three Fiat G.12s were downed or forced to land.

Attacks on airfields destroyed five S.82s at Benina airfield (19 km east of Benghazi), three at Tunis in 22 January 1943, and three on 24 March. At Castelvetrano eleven SM.82s were destroyed on 13 April. During the attacks on Rome on 19 July 1943, eight S.82s were destroyed and seven damaged at Urbe airfield, and four SM.82s were destroyed, and 14 damaged over Ciampino. Both in the air or on the ground, SM.82s were easy targets.

145° Group, usually a transport unit, was also equipped with some bomber versions and attacked enemy targets in Marmarica and Egypt in four night raids in June 1942. On 3 July a single aircraft bombed the El Haman airfield in Libya.

Another four aircraft flew from Rodi airfield to bomb Alexandria, but after only four missions, all four aircraft were taken out of service. On July 1943 there were bombing missions over Sicily, to interdict enemy landings, like the one that dropped 20 cluster bombs (100 kg and 28 bomblets each) over Comiso.

These missions were only a nuisance to the Allies, even if they forced them to assign first line air defences and interceptors to counter the threat. This was the main reason for the Italians to mount these missions, although only a total of 100 sorties were flown in three years of war, with an average of 1,000 to 1,500 kg bombload, and the use of some of the best aviators of the Regia Aereonautica.

After the armistice

After the armistice in September 1943, the Germans captured 200 SM.82s, many being operated as transports by the LuftwaffeLembo 2002, p.5.] . Only 29 were operated by the ICAF in southern Italy.

The Germans were thus rewarded for the delays in their order for 100 S.82s, only 35 of which were delivered in 1943. These aircraft had better capabilities as transports than the Ju-52, the standard transport aircraft of the Luftwaffe, even if it was much more robust, being all metal. The "Savoia Gruppen" operated many of these aircraft, with a force in early 1944 of over 230 aircraft, but little is recorded of the activities of these aircraft in the last 18 months of the war.

In 1944 almost 300 SM.82s were built for the Germans, as no bombing raid on the Savoia Marchetti factory was ever made by the Allies, which is something of a mystery since it was one of the most important aircraft industries in the Italian Social Republic, the puppet state installed by Germany in northern ItalyLembo 2002, p.5.] . The aircraft continued in service with both the Fascist and Allied Italian air forces. Of around 750 SM.82s built, about 500 were used by the Germans.

After the war, about 30 SM.82s continued in service with the Aeronautica Militare until the early 1960s.

Civil transport

Even with the outbreak of the war long-range civilian routes did not end. The civil aircraft had 14 seats, 1,306 litres of additional fuel, and 350 kg of military equipment removed. They flew to Brazil via Spain and West Africa. Between 11 September 1940 and the entry of Brazil into the war in 1941, 68 flights were made. Two aircraft, "I-BAIA" and "I-BRAZ", were lost in December 1940. Some S.82s were used in militarized service, with Special Air Services and the task of personnel transport, including the civilian evacuations in 1941.

Variants

Although the basic design of the SM.82 remained the same there were many configurations and modifications in the ten series manufactured from 1940 to 1945.

;SM.82: This was the standard version, a transport aircraft with 32 seats, or room for up to 50 men, produced in the following series:
* I, 50 aircraft ("MM.60270-60319")
* II, 20 aircraft ("MM.60320-60339")
* III, 30 aircraft ("MM.60483-60512")
* IV, 50 aircraft ("MM.60783-60884")
* V, 62 aircraft ("MM.60721-60770")
* VI, 102 aircraft ("MM.60783-60884")
* VII, 102 aircraft ("MM.61175-61276")
* VIII, 90 aircraft ("MM.61323-61397")
* IX, 120 aircraft ("MM.61513-61632")
* X, 100 aircraft ordered, but only 87 built ("MM.61782-61882");SM.82 (Bomber): With a bombardier's gondola and bomb racks. 68 aircraft were ordered, and others were modified to this standard, at least partially.;SM.82 "Carro armato": Four aircraft were modified to carry the L3/35 light tank. ;SM.82 "Trasporto caccia" : With modified ventral doors to accommodate a disassembled FIAT CR.32, then adapted for a FIAT CR.42. Only two aircraft ("MM.60293" and "MM.60294") were so ordered, and when used to deliver the aircraft to East Africa (a total of 51 aircraft) were fitted with two auxiliary fuel tanks (1,300 litres each), and one additional oil tank (200 litres).;SM.82 "Trasporto motori": Two aircraft used to transport aircraft engines ("MM.60290" and "MM.60292") to Africa.;SM.82P: 21 aircraft of the VIII series, modified for the use of paratroops.;SM.82 "tanker": Two aircraft to transport up to 3,000 litres of fuel. Weight: 11,300-18,700 kg.;SM.82bis: 80 aircraft of series VIII, for night bombing, with 1,190 hp Piaggio P.IX engines. They were also fitted with the AR.128 engine, some in the S.82P and the S.82T versions.;SM.82 LATI: For international airlines. With ten seats, automatic pilot, toilet, enhanced radios, two additional fuel tanks of 653 litres each increased the range to 4,800 km at 250 km/h. Maximum weight: 19,000 kg. Only a few were built.;SM.82LW: Version for the Luftwaffe, with turrets and radios. 231 were in service in early 1944 in the Savoia-Gruppen, and were widely used in long range or heavy bombing missions.;S.82PD: An SM.75 modified for distance records, with 333 km/h over 1,000 km and 1,000 kg, and 12,937 km in 57 h 32 min on 30 July-1 August 1939.;S.82PW: 20 S.82s modified postwar with Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engines. Weight 12,100/18,700 kg, max speed 381 km/h, ceiling 6,000 m. They served until 3 August 1960, and "MM.61187" is preserved in its silver postwar colour scheme, in the Italian Air Force Museum at Vigna di Valle.

Experimental versions included "MM.61408" with a central 1,350 hp Alfa Romeo 135 engine, while "MM.60591" had three Piaggio P.XI from 31 October-7 November 1941. On 13 February 1942 Piaggio P.XIXs were installed. There were many other non-standard engine modifications, one was fitted with superchargers that gave a ceiling of the aircraft up to 10,000 m, but the engines were worn out and the superchargers were removed.

Operators

;flag|Germany|Nazi
*Luftwaffe;flag|Italy|1861-state
*Regia Aeronautica;flagicon|Italy Italian Social Republic
*Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana;ITA
* Aeronautica Militare

pecifications (SM.82)

aircraft specifications
plane or copter?= plane
jet or prop?= prop
ref= [Mondey, David. "The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II". New York: Bounty Books, 1996. ISBN 1-85152-966-7.]
crew=Four
capacity= 40 troops
length main= 22.9 m
length alt= 75 ft 1½ in
span main= 29.68 m
span alt= 97 ft 4½ in
height main= 6.0 m
height alt= 19 ft 8.25 in
area main= 118.6 m²
area alt= 1,276.64 ft²
airfoil=
empty weight main= 10,550 kg (bomber 11,200 kg)
empty weight alt= 23,259 lb
loaded weight main=
loaded weight alt=
useful load main=
useful load alt=
max takeoff weight main= 18,020 kg (bomber 18,410 kg)
max takeoff weight alt= 39,727 lb
more general=
engine (prop)=Alfa Romeo 128 RC.21
type of prop=9-cylinder radial engines
number of props=3
power main= 708 kW
power alt= 950 hp
power original=
max speed main= 347 km/h
max speed alt= 187 knots, 212 mph
cruise speed main= 250 km/h
cruise speed alt= 135 knots, 125 mph
cruise speed more= at 3,000 m (9,840 ft)
stall speed main=110 km/h
stall speed alt= 59 knots, 68 mph
never exceed speed main=
never exceed speed alt=
range main= 2,100 km
range alt= 1,134 nm, 1,864 mi
ceiling main= 6,000 m
ceiling alt= 19,685 ft
climb rate main=
climb rate alt=
loading main=
loading alt=
power/mass main=
power/mass alt=
more performance=
armament=
* 1 × 12.7 mm Scotti machine gun in dorsal turret
* 3 × 7.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns in ventral and lateral positions
* 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) bombload
avionics=

ee also

aircontent
related=
* SM.75 Marsupiale
similar aircraft=
*Junkers Ju 52/3m
sequence=

lists=
* List of aircraft of Italy, World War II
* List of bomber aircraft
see also=

References

Notes

Bibliography

* Lembo, Daniele. "SIAI SM.82 Marsupiale" "Aerei Nella Storia, Issue 22". Parma, Italy: West-ward Edizioni, 2002, p. 10-31. it icon
*Mondey, David. "The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II". New York: Bounty Books, 1996. ISBN 1-85152-966-7.
* Pini, Giorgio and Setti, Fulvio. "Savoia Marchetti SM 82 marsupiale (Le Macchine e la Storia - Profili 5)". Modena, Italy: STEM-Mucchi spa. it icon

External links

* [http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt07/italian-sm-82-transport.html U.S. Intelligence Summary of Italian SM-82]
* [http://www.comandosupremo.com/Sm82.html Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 Canguro]