- Bentvueghels
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Anonymous, ca 1660, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam - Initiation of a Bentvueghel in Rome, where the new member receives his nickname or "Bent"
Anonymous drawing in the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam. From left to right: Joost uit Den Haag (bent-name Schotsen trommel), Cornelis (Poelenburgh) van Utrecht (bent-name Satier), Wouter (Crabeth) van der Gou (bent-name Almanack), Tyman (Cracht) van den Emster (bent-name Botterkul) and Peter van Leiden (bent-name Ram).The Bentvueghels (Dutch for "Birds of a Feather") were a society of mostly Dutch and Flemish artists active in Rome from about 1620 to 1720. They are also known as the Schildersbent ("painters' clique").
Contents
Activities
The members, which included painters, etchers, sculptors and poets, all lived in different parts of the city (mostly the parishes of Santa Maria del Popolo and San Lorenzo in Lucina in the north of the city) and came together for social and intellectual reasons. The group was well-known for its drunken, Bacchic initiation rituals (paid for by the initiate). These celebrations, sometimes lasting up to 24 hours, concluded with group marching to the church of Santa Costanza, known popularly at the time as the Temple of Bacchus. There they and made libations to Bacchus before the porphyry sarcophagus of Constantina (now in the Vatican Museums), which was considered to be his tomb because of its Bacchic motifs. A list of its members may still be seen in one of this church's side chapels. This practice was finally banned by Pope Clement XI in 1720.
Despite the rowdy nature of these initiations, an intellectual quality was maintained. Joachim von Sandrart, for example, wrote in his 1675-1679 book, Teutsche Academie der edlen Bau-, Bild und Malereikünste (German Academy of the Noble Arts of Architecture, Sculpture and Painting), that his "baptism" included "reasoned discourses, undertaken by French and Italians, as well as by Germans and Netherlanders, each in his own tongue."[1] Also Cornelis de Bruijn wrote about the rituals he had to undergo in 1674 and made some engravings, which he published in 1698.[2]
The Bentvueghels and the Accademia di San Luca
The Bentvueghels were frequently at odds with Rome's Accademia di San Luca ("Academy of Saint Luke"), which had the purpose of elevating the work of "artists" above that of craftsman. For this reason, before setting off for Italy, artists would first try to become members in their local Guild of St. Luke so they would have papers to show on arrival. Travel to Italy became a rite of passage for young Dutch and Flemish artists after publication of Karel van Mander's Schilder-boeck in 1604. Often encompassing a difficult and in many cases dangerous journey, artists would spend years getting to Italy, using their artistic talents to pay their way. Many never made it all the way to Italy, and many never attempted the trip back once they got there.
On arrival, many artists were therefore fairly established thanks to their work experience done along the way. However, equally many were still young and unknown. What they all did have by the time they arrived in Rome, was an overwhelming feeling of self-confidence in their ability to live by their own work, and membership in the Accademia had little relevance for them.
Traditionally, the low-brow qualities of the Bentvueghel's activities have been emphasized over their intellectual and artistic pursuits. David Levine suggests instead that "academic art-pedagogy, with its emphasis on repetitive copying, might well have struck members of the Bent [the Bentvueghels] as a low, mechanical process in contrast to their truly humanistic approach."[3] Artists such as Pieter van Laer, however, belonged to both organisations.[4]
Known Members
The earliest-known publication listing the members is the book by Arnold Houbraken, an artist and engraver who never traveled to Italy, but who used the Bentvueghels membership list as a source for his book, De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen, in 1718. Whenever possible, he gives the nickname or bent of the painter in his biographical sketches.
The earliest-known group picture is commemorated in an anonymous drawing in the Rotterdam (Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen), which was made about 1620, and includes Cornelis van Poelenburch, Peter van Bloemen, Bartholomeus Breenbergh, Dirck van Baburen, Paulus Bor, Cornelis Schut and Simon Ardé.[5] Upon initiation, members were given aliases that were often classical gods and heroes, such as Bacchus, Cupid, Hector, Meleager, Cephalus, Pyramus, Orpheus, etc. Sometimes, however, the aliases were witty or semi-obscene in keeping with the general activities of the society.
Some of the members with known aliases or 'bent'-names:
- Willem van Aelst - "Vogelverschrikker" ("Scarecrow")
- Jan Asselijn - "Crabbetje", because of a handicap on his right hand
- Dirck van Baburen - "Biervlieg" ("Beer fly")
- Jan van Bijlert was one of the founders
- Cornelis Bloemaert - "Winter"
- Jan Frans van Bloemen - "Orizonte"
- Peter van Bloemen - "lo Stendardo"
- Paulus Bor - "Orlando"
- Leonard Bramer - "Nestelghat"
- Bartholomeus Breenbergh - "Het Fret" ("the Ferret")
- Cornelis de Bruijn - "Adonis"
- Wouter Crabeth II - "Almanack" ("Almanac")
- Willem Doudijns - "Diomedes"
- Wybrand de Geest - "De Friesche Adelaar" (Frisian Eagle)
- Pieter Groenewegen - "Leeuw" ("Lion")
- Reynier van Heuckelom - "Wolf"
- Samuel van Hoogstraten - "Batavier" ("Batavian")
- Adriaen van der Kabel - "Geestigheid"
- Pieter van Laer - "Il Bamboccio" ("Ugly puppet")
- Jan Linsen - "Hermafrodiet" ("Hermaphrodite")
- Willem Molijn - another founder
- Reinier van Persijn - "Narcissis" ("Narcissus")
- Cornelis van Poelenburgh - "Satyr", also a founder
- Otto Marseus van Schrieck - "Snuffelaer" ("Sniffer"[6])
- Herman van Swanevelt - "Heremiet" ("Hermit")
- Robert du Val - "La Fortune"
- Jan Baptist Weenix - "Ratel" ("Rattle", because of a speech defect[7])
- Matthias Withoos - "Calzetta bianca" ("White Hose"[8])
- Pieter van der Hulst - "Sunflower"[9]
- Augustinus Terwesten - "Patrysvogel"[10]
- Willem van Ingen - "Den Eersten"[11]
- David Beck - "Gulden scepter"[12]
A few non-Dutch speaking members were admitted, including Joachim von Sandrart and Valentin de Boulogne.
See also
- The Guild of Romanists was a Flemish club, containing many artists, for those who had visited Rome.
Notes
- ^ Levine (1990), p. 217
- ^ Corneille le Brun, A Voyage to the Levant: or Travels in the Principal Parts of Asia Minor. In: Cornelis de Bruijn. Voyages from Rome to Jerusalem and from Moscow to Batavia (Catalogue of an exposition in the Allard Pierson Museum, Amsterdam, 1998)
- ^ Levine (1990), p. 219
- ^ Haskell, p. 20.
- ^ Levine (Grove)
- ^ Slive, p. 290; "according to Houbraken, he sniffed everywhere for strange creatures and plants".
- ^ Kilian.
- ^ This is a direct translation of his name into Italian.
- ^ Pieter vander Hulst biography in De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen (1718) by Arnold Houbraken, courtesy of the Digital library for Dutch literature
- ^ Augustinus Terwesten biography in De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen (1718) by Arnold Houbraken, courtesy of the Digital library for Dutch literature
- ^ Guilhelmo van Ingen in Houbraken's Schouburg
- ^ David Beck in the RKD
Sources
- Some of the information here is taken from the corresponding Dutch article about the Bentvueghels.
- Haskell, Francis, Patrons and Painters: Art and Society in Baroque Italy, Yale University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-300-02537-8
- Kilian, Jennifer M., "Jan Baptist [Giovanni Battista] Weenix," Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, [29 October 2007].
- Levine, David A., "The Bentvueghels: 'Bande Académique"," in IL60: Essays Honoring Irving Lavin on his Sixtieth Birthday, ed. Marilyn Aronberg Lavin. New York: Italica Press, 1990 (pp. 207-219). ISBN 0-934977-18-6.
- Levine, David A., "Schildersbent [Bent]," Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, [15 March 2007].
- Slive, Seymour. Dutch Painting 1600-1800. Yale University Press Pelican history of Art. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-300-06418-7.
Categories:- Members of the Bentvueghels
- European artist groups and collectives
- Defunct clubs and societies
- Dutch Golden Age painters
- Flemish Baroque painters
- German Baroque painters
- Dutch expatriates in Italy
- Belgian expatriates in Italy
- German expatriates in Italy
- People from Rome (city)
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