Hedge school

A hedge school (Irish names include " scoil chois claí", "scoil ghairid" and "scoil scairte") is the name given to an educational practice in 19th century Ireland, so called due to its rural nature. It came about as local educated men began an oral tradition of teaching the community. With the advent of the commercial world after 1600, peasant society saw the need for greater education. While the "hedge school" label suggests the classes always took place out-doors (by a hedgerow), classes were more regularly held in a house or barn. Subjects included primarily basic grammar, English and maths (the fundamental "three Rs"). In some schools the Irish bardic tradition, Latin, history and home economics were also taught. Reading was generally based on chapbooks, sold at fairs, typically with exciting stories of well-known adventurers and outlaws. Payment was generally made per subject, and brighter pupils would often compete locally with their teachers.

While Catholic schools were forbidden under the Penal laws from 1723 to 1782, no hedge teachers were known to be prosecuted. Indeed, official records were made of hedge schools by census makers. [http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/history/teachers/teachers_list.htm Example] The laws' main target was education by the main Catholic religious orders, whose wealthier establishments were occasionally confiscated. The laws aimed to force Irish Catholics of the middle classes and gentry to convert to Anglicanism if they wanted a good education in Ireland.

Hedge schools declined from the foundation of the National School system by government in the 1830s. James Doyle, Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin preferred this, as the new schools would be largely under the control of his church and allow a better teaching of Catholic doctrine.Fact|date=May 2008 He wrote to his priests in 1831:

Fernández-Suárez (see below) has found that hedge schools existed into the 1890s, suggesting that the schools had existed as much from rural poverty and a lack of resources as from religious oppression. Marianne Eliott also mentions that they were used by the poor and not just by the Catholics. While the hedge schools were unfunded, the national school system set up from 1831 was ahead of school provision in England at that time. After 1900 some historians like Daniel Corkery tended to emphasize the hedge schools' classical studies (in Latin and Greek) - however, while these studies were sometimes taught (based on a local demand) they were not always common to every school.

ee also

* Krifo scholio 'secret school', a somewhat similar theme in Greek history
*Pit school

References

* Yolanda Fernández-Suárez, "An Essential Picture in a Sketch-Book of Ireland: The Last Hedge Schools", "Estudios Irlandeses" [http://www.estudiosirlandeses.org/Issue1/YolandaFern%C3%A1ndez.htm]
* JRR Adams, "The Hedge Schools and popular education in Ireland". Chapter 5 in "Irish Popular Culture 1650-1850" edited by J Donnelly & K Miller, Irish Academic Press 1999, ISBN 0 7165 2712 X
* [http://www.nationalarchives.ie/topics/Nat_Schools/natschs.html National Archives materials on the start of the National Schools in 1831]
* Marianne Elliott, "The Catholics of Ulster", Penguin 2001, at pp.179-181.