Washroom

A washroom, public toilet, public convenience, comfort room, toilet room, bathroom, water closet or restroom, is a facility provided to allow use of a toilet by members of the public, or by patrons or customers. This is in contrast to a private usually residential toilet room, which may be a standalone water closet, or part of a bathroom. At a minimum, a washroom can be a single unit featuring a toilet and hand basin for hand washing. Washrooms can also be larger facilities, which may also include bathing facilities or showers, changing rooms and baby facilities.

Toilets were originally used to bathe in but after Sir Wiligerbere Johnson changed it to do your poo poos and wee wees (also known as number 1 and 2) it changed the history of toilets forever. But to this day no-one has ever found out the truth about what baths were used for back then....Washrooms may be stand dead cats alone buildings or installations, or be featured as part of buildings such as railway stations, schools, bars, restaurants, nightclubs or filling stations. Washrooms can also be found on some public transport vehicles, for use by passengers. Washrooms are usually fixed facilities, but can also refer to smaller public portable toilets, or larger public portable washrooms constructed as portable buildings.

Washrooms are commonly separated for gender into male and female facilities, although some can be unisex, particularly the smaller or single occupancy types. Both male and female washrooms may incorporate toilet cubicles, while many male washrooms also feature urinals. Increasingly washrooms incorporate accessible toilets and features to cater for the disabled.

Washrooms may be unnattended, or feature a janitor (possibly with a separate room), or attendant, provided by the local authority or the owner of the larger building. In many cultures it is customary to tip the attendant, while other washrooms may charge a small fee for entrance, sometimes through use of a coin operated turnstyle. Some venues such as nightclubs may feature a grooming service provided by an attendant in the washroom.

Terminology

Usually the term washroom is used to denote a public, commercial, or industrial personal hygiene facility designed for high throughput, whereas a similar term "bathroom" is used to denote a smaller, often residential facility for lesser throughput (i.e., often for only one person at a time to use).The word originated in the United States and is currently the preferred term in Canada; in American English, "bathroom" or "restroom" are now more common (except in Chicago, where "washroom" is still standard). In Britain, Australia, Hong Kong (as "toilets"), Singapore (as 'toilet') and New Zealand, the terms in use are "public toilets" and (more informally) "public loos". In the rest of the world (usually Africa, Middle East, and Southeast Asia) the term "Comfort room" is used. Furthermore many European washroom doors are simply marked "WC", for water closet, which may be confusing for non-Europeans. One reason some Americans prefer "restroom" over "bathroom" is that restrooms do not have bathtubs. The word "washroom" is also sometimes used in the United States to denote a "laundry room" or utility room.

Gender and public washrooms

Separation by sex is so characteristic of public toilets that pictograms of a man or a woman are used to indicate where the respective toilets are. These pictograms are sometimes enclosed within standard forms to reinforce this information, with a circle representing a women's toilet and a triangle representing a men's facility. Symbols such as the DOT pictograms have been criticized for perpetuating gender stereotypes; however, there may be no practical alternatives.

Sex-separated public washrooms are a source of difficulty for some people, such as those with children of a different sex, or men caring for babies when only the women's washroom has been fitted with a change table.

Sex-separated public washrooms are often difficult to negotiate for transgendered or androgynous people, who are often subject to embarrassment, harassment, or even assault or arrest by others offended by the presence of a person they interpret as being of the other gender. Transgendered people have been arrested for using not only bathrooms that correspond to their gender of identification, but also ones that correspond to the gender they believe themselves to have been assigned at birth.Fact|date=May 2008

Many existing public washrooms are gender-neutral. Additionally, some public places (such as facilities targeted to the transgendered or homosexual communities, and a few universities and offices) provide individual washrooms that are not gender-specified, specifically in order to respond to the concerns of gender-variant people; but this remains very rare and often controversial. [ [http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/36/12/transgender Inclusive toilets ] ] Various courts have ruled on whether transgendered people have the right to use the washroom of their gender of identification. [ [http://www.herizons.ca/magazine/issues/fal01 Herizons: Fall 2001 ] ]

A significant number of facilities have additional gender-neutral public washrooms, also referred to as Unisex bathrooms, to accommodate disabled or elderly persons who may require assistance from a spouse or a caregiver of the other gender.

Toilets in private homes are practically never separated, except in some very conservative Middle Eastern nations; even in these states it is rare. Fact|date=November 2007

Fixtures

Washrooms usually contain the following fixtures (the urinals generally being only present on the men's side):
*Toilets
*Bidets
*Urinals
*Handwash faucets (i.e taps);
*Soap dispensers;
*Hand dryers are more common in European countries while in the United States paper towels are much more common, though high-powered hand dryers are gaining popularity in American cities.
*Sometimes showers are also present, sometimes with soap, shampoo, or similar dispensers.
*Antiseptic handwash
*Garbage can, waste can
*Mirrors
*Infant changing tables, often fold-down
*Toiletry vending machines (more often in female washrooms) dispensing tampons, sanitary napkins,condoms, and painkillers

Modern washroom architecture

The architect Frank Lloyd Wright claimed to have "invented the hung wall for the w.c. (easier to clean under)" when he designed the Larkin Administration Building in Buffalo, New York in 1904.

Modern washrooms usually have the following features:
*Doorless entry (labyrinth entrance) prevents the spread of disease that might otherwise occur when coming in contact with a door. Doorless entry provides visual privacy while simultaneously offering a measure of security by allowing the passage of sound. Doorless entry also helps deter vandalism; fewer audible clues to another person entering discourages some vandals. Doorless entry may also be achieved simply by keeping an existing door propped open, closed only when necessary.
*Sensor-operated fixtures prevent the spread of disease by allowing patrons to circumvent the need to touch common surfaces. Sensor-operated fixtures also help conserve water by limiting the amount used per flush, and require less routine maintenance.

ervice access and utilities passages

Modern washrooms often have a service entrance, utilities passages, and the like, that run behind all the fixtures. Wall-mount toilets that bolt on from behind the wall have replaced floor-mount toilets. Sensors are installed in a separate room, behind the fixtures. Usually the separate room is just a narrow corridor, or narrow passageway. Each sensor views through a small window into each fixture. Sometimes the metal plates that house the sensor windows are bolted on from behind, to prevent tampering. Additionally, all of the electrical equipment is safely behind the walls, so that there is no danger of electric shock. However, a RCCB must be (and usually is) still used for all such electrical equipment.

Futuristic architecture is often achieved through a nice juxtaposition of industrial concrete, glass brick, some high-quality black marble, and stainless steel structural supports, where the glass brick also serves to separate the service passage from the main washroom. The use of sensor-operated sinks, toilets, urinals, and hand dryers, together with service-installed lighting often adds to the modern aesthetic and functionality.

Service lighting consisting of windows that run all the way around the outside of the washrooms uses electric lights behind the windows, to create the illusion of extensive natural light, even when the washrooms are underground or otherwise do not have access to natural light. The windows are sometimes made of glass brick, permanently cemented in place. Lighting installed in service tunnels that run around the outside of the washrooms provides optimum safety from electrical shock (keeping the lights outside the washrooms), hygiene (no cracks or openings), security (no way for vandals to access the light bulbs), and aesthetics (clean architectural lines that maintain a continuity of whatever aesthetic design is present, e.g., the raw industrial urban aesthetic that works well with glass brick).

Older toilets do not often have service ducts and often in old toilets that have been modernized, the toilet cistern might be hidden in a purpose-built 'box' tiled over. Often old toilets might still have high-level cisterns in the service ducts. On the outside, the toilet will be flushed by a handle (just like an ordinary low-level cistern toilet) although behind the wall this handle will activate a chain. Sometimes a long flushing trough will be used to ensure that the cistern can be refilled quickly after dual flushes. This trend of hiding cisterns and fittings behind the walls started in the late 1950s in the United Kingdom and by the 1960s it was unusual for toilet cisterns to be visible in public toilets. In some buildings such as schools however, a cistern can still be visible, although high-level cisterns had become old-fashioned by the 1970s and a lot of schools would now have low-level cisterns.

Types of Washrooms

Private Washroom

"Main Article:" Bathroom

Washrooms inside a house are considered private, and are usually cleaner than any public washroom. An individual might feel more comfortable in his or her own bathroom. Private washrooms include a sink, flush toilet or squat toilet, and usually a shower or bath.

High-Capacity Washrooms

Washrooms in Airports, Stations, Theaters, and stadiums are designed to handle a high-capacity of people. These washrooms are separated by sex, and have multiple facilities. Some high-capacity washrooms can be more modern and and clean, while others will be dirty and outdated. Sometimes, an attendant will be present in these washrooms to ensure cleanliness and assist users.

Low-Capacity Washrooms

Restaurants and store washrooms are low-capacity washrooms. Due to the fact that there are fewer people in a restaurant than a stadium, these washrooms don't need as many accommodations. Most washrooms will be separated by sex, and some will be unisex. A range of about 2-6 toilets will be in these restrooms. Generally speaking, a washroom at a more elegant restaurant would probably be more clean and comfortable than one at a fast food restaurant.

chool Washrooms

A washroom in a public school can be much different than one in a different public place. Washrooms will be separated by sex, and separate facilities are usually present for staff. School toilets are almost always dirty, and some are only cleaned on a weekly basis. There is commonly barely any privacy offered in a school washroom. Often stall doors are torn off, or were never present. Walls of the cubicles are usually full of graffiti, and some are much shorter than a regular restroom's. The reasons for these problems are due to destruction by the teenagers who use them, and no funding from the schools to maintain the facilities. As a prank, a young male may leave feces in urinals, throw trash into toilets and swing from stall doors.

Toilet seats in washrooms

In most washrooms in the US and Canada, toilet seats have a gap in the center. While this is to prevent male urination from spattering on the seat, these seats are seen in both male and female washrooms, as a seat with a gap is more stable in the lifted position - the flush is not in the way. In the United Kingdom and some areas of Europe, the seats tend to be a complete circle, without the gap.

Washroom toilet seats in washrooms may be either white or black, depending on when the washroom was built (or most recently remodeled) and the region in which they are located. Black toilet seats are the most common type in Canada. In the United States, though black was common in the past, white is now more common in most states, and is required by law in some states. The toilet seats in airplane lavatories are usually grey or some other intermediate neutral color.

Multi-use facilities

Some washrooms also function, in part, as changerooms, owing to their gender-segregated nature. For example, in beach areas, a portion of each washroom is often equipped with benches so that persons can change into or out of their bathing suits. Some such washrooms also include showers and soap/shampoo dispensers. Many modern showers and soap/shampoo dispensers are sensor-operated, and time out when used excessively.Fact|date=February 2007

Cleanliness

Many public washrooms around the world are generally dirty due to heavy traffic, and the lack of available housekeeping staff to keep up with the cleaning. Some private businesses prohibit non-patrons from using their facilities as public washrooms in order to reduce the amount of traffic and the amount of cleaning necessary. Some go as far as locking the doors and providing keys to patrons only. Toilets that require a pay on entry are usually cleaner than free toiletsFact|date=November 2007. Dr Dipak Chatterjee of Mumbai newspaper "Daily News and Analysis" claims that public toilet facilities are so unhygienic that people — especially women — who are vulnerable to infections should consider wearing adult diapers instead. [cite news|first=Dr. Dipak|last=Chatterjee|title=Docs advise diapers over public loos|date=2007-02-11|publisher=DNA|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1079314|accessdate=2007-12-18]

Some cities, like Philadelphia, are launching major efforts to install dozens of high-tech, self-cleaning public pay toilets in their heaviest pedestrian and tourist areas. [ [http://www.urbanblight.org/NEWS/dailynews01232007.htm Jan. 23, 2007, DAN GERINGER, 35 self-cleaning facilities could be operating by fall, Philadelphia Daily News] ] Jack Sim, founder of the World Toilet Organization, has campaigned internationally for better, cleaner public toilets, particularly in developing nations. [ [http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/21/world-toilet-czar-finds-beauty-in-times-square/index.html?hp "World Toilet Czar Finds Beauty in Times Square," "The New York Times" November 21, 2007.] ]

ee also

* Unisex bathrooms
* Toilet
* Toilet seat
* Toilet granny
* Sanisette
* Privatization of public toilets

References

External links

* [http://www.washroom.co.uk www.washroom.co.uk] Washroom design, cubicles, vanities, locker systems, bespoke design, specialist joinery and concealed ducting.
* [http://americanrestroom.org American Restroom Association] America's advocate for the availability of clean, safe, well designed public restrooms
* [http://www.stationstops.com/2008/03/25/nyc-public-restrooms-the-straight-poop-on-public-restrooms-in-new-york-city-and-beyond/ NYC Restrooms: The Straight Poop]
* [http://asumag.com/Washrooms/university_using_less_staying/ Shutting down vandalism] (modern washroom design)
* [http://wearcam.org/dundas-square/2004oct09/washrooms/ The use of glass brick as an industrial architectural aesthetic in underground washrooms/changerooms]
* [http://www.toiletmap.gov.au Australia's National Public Toilet Map] shows the location of more than 14,000 public and private public toilet facilities across Australia.
* [http://www.publictoilets.org Public Toilets Database] Locations of public toilets in 18 countries. New locations and comments can be added. Detailed information includes the geographic coordinates and quality of the facility.
* [http://www.toiletzone.net ToiletZone] French website with toilets picture
* [http://poopthebook.com/blog/2007/08/14/paradox-public-bathrooms/ The Paradox of Public Toilets]
* [http://needaloo.org Needaloo The Uk Online Disabled Loo Locator]
* [http://www.safe2pee.org Safe to Pee: A Gender Neutral Restroom Directory]

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