Landrace

Landrace refers to domesticated animals or plants adapted to the natural and cultural environment in which they live (or originated) and, in some cases, work; they often develop naturally with minimal assistance or guidance from humans (or from humans using traditional rather than modern breeding methods), hence differ somewhat from what is commonly termed a "breed", and usually possess more diverse phenotypes and genotypes. They often form the basis of more highly-bred formalised breeds. Sometimes a formalised breed retains the "landrace" name, despite no longer being a true landrace.

Examples

Animals

Landrace dogs

For example, landrace dogs are very different depending on their origins and purpose; Border Collies derive from a landrace in Scotland and northern England, where their primary characteristics had to do with how they herded sheep in the borderlands, and Salukis were a landrace breed in the Middle East where they chased game across open tracts of land. A landrace does not imply so much a breed as a type; for example, Border Collies traditionally have had a variation in appearance, from upright prick ears to nearly drop ears, different fullnesses of coat, and so on, although the general appearance was such that they could still be recognized as Border Collies and their performance around sheep most accurately represented their membership in that race.

Often, when people move to create a highly consistent purebred breed, focus is placed more on consistency of appearance rather than on consistency of behavior or adaptability to the environment, and much of what made the animals a landrace is lost. For example, show Border Collies might not be particularly good at herding sheep and might not have a coat that is appropriate for the Scottish borderlands; similarly, Salukis might not be able to chase and catch hares in the desert.

Other animals

Landraces include many local types of domestic animals: for example Shetland sheep, Welsh Mountain sheep, New Forest pony, Coloured Cob and Exmoor pony. Often (as in each of these examples) selections have been made from the landrace population to create formal pedigree breeds as well – for example, the New Forest ponies living semi-wild on the New Forest are mainly non-pedigree, landrace animals, while those kept as fully domesticated animals and bred for showing are a formal breed.

"Landrace" pigs (such as Danish Landrace) are in fact breeds derived from earlier true landraces.

A few horse breeds are claimed by aficionados to be "pure" and virtually unchanged from their original wild prototype or earliest landraces, though the term is rarely used in modern horse breeding. However, both the Arabian horse and the Andalusian horse make claims of great antiquity for the ancestry of their respective breeds.

Plants

Several definitions of the term landrace have been used in botanical application. For example:

"Landrace populations are often highly variable in appearance, but they are each identifiableand usually have local names. A landrace has particular properties or characteristics. Someare considered early maturing and some late. Each has a reputation for adaptation toparticular soil types according to the traditional peasant soil classifications, e.g. heavy orlight, warm or cold, dry or wet, strong or weak. They also may be classified according toexpected usage; among cereals, different landraces are used for flour, for porridge, for'bulgur', and for malt to make beer, etc. All components of the population are adapted tolocal climatic conditions, cultural practices, and disease and pests." [Harlan, J.R., "Crops and Man", American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, 1975]

The term has more recently been defined as

"An autochthonous landrace is a variety with a high capacity to tolerate biotic and abiotic stress, resulting in a high yield stability and an intermediate yield level under a low input agricultural system." [cite journal | title=Landraces: A review of definitions and classifications | last= Zeven | first=A.C. | journal=Euphytica | volume=104 | issue=2 | date=1998 |pages=127–139 | doi=10.1023/A:1018683119237 ]

In simple terms, landraces are grown from seed that has not been systematically selected and marketed by seed companies or developed by plant breeders. A significant proportion of the world’s farmers grow landraces. Data collected for a study of the spread of cereal agriculture into Europe showed that landraces have largely fallen out of use in Europe. European cereal landraces were grown by our ancestors before the work of the 19th century seed improvers and the 20th century plant breeders produced improved varieties. The terms ‘landrace’ and ‘traditional variety’ are sometimes used interchangeably.

ee also

*Breed
*Heirloom plant
*Dog type
*Purebred
*Selective breeding

References

External links

* [http://www.rarebreeds.co.nz/types.html Don Bixby: "Types of Breed", American Livestock Breeds Conservancy (ALBC) News, January-February 2003, and reprinted in Rare Breeds NewZ for May 2003]
* [http://www.lhasa-apso.org/articles/landrace.htm What is Landrace]
* [http://www.beautdogs.com/Sponenberg.htm Livestock Guard Dogs: What is a Breed and Why Does It Matter?]
* [http://www.sa-breeders.co.za/news/africanis.htm Description of the AFRICANIS land race dog]
* [http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/swine/danishlandrace/index.htm Danish landrace swine]
* [http://www.rala.is/beta/13%20Danish%20landrace%20sheep.htm Danish landrace sheep]
* [http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=404411 Recreation of landrace maize]
* [http://www.niab.com/research/pgbe/genetics/diversity-genomics-group/research/projects/landraces.html Approaches and constraints of using existing landrace material to understand agricultural spread in prehistory]