Buffalo River (New York)

Geobox River
name = Buffalo River
native_name =
other_name = Buffalo Creek
other_name1 =

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image_size = 300
image_caption = Buffalo River where it empties into Lake Erie. The lighthouse on the left of the river is the Buffalo (main) Light
country = United States
country1 =
state = New York
state1 =
region_type = Counties
region = Erie
region1 = Wyoming
district =
district1 =
city = Buffalo
city1 =
length_imperial =
length_note =
watershed_imperial = 142
watershed_note =
discharge_location = Gardenville, NY
discharge_imperial = 204
discharge_round = 2
discharge_max_imperial = 7650
discharge_min_imperial = 1
discharge_note = [http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/wdr-ny-03-3/ Water Resources Data New York Water Year 2003, Volume 3: Western New York] , USGS]
discharge1_location =
discharge1_imperial =
source_name =
source_location =
source_district =
source_region =
source_state =
source_country =
source_lat_d = 42
source_lat_m = 35
source_lat_s = 38
source_lat_NS = N
source_long_d = 78
source_long_m = 28
source_long_s = 15
source_long_EW = W
source_coordinates_note = gnis|969923|Buffalo Creek]
source_elevation_imperial = 1450
source_elevation_note = Google Earth elevation for GNIS coordinates.]
source_length_imperial =
mouth_name = Lake Erie
mouth_location = Buffalo
mouth_district =
mouth_region =
mouth_state =
mouth_country =
mouth_lat_d = 42
mouth_lat_m = 52
mouth_lat_s = 42
mouth_lat_NS = N
mouth_long_d = 78
mouth_long_m = 53
mouth_long_s = 11
mouth_long_EW = W
mouth_coordinates_note = gnis|945112|Buffalo River]
mouth_elevation_imperial = 570
mouth_elevation_note =
tributary_left = Cazenovia Creek
tributary_left1 =
tributary_right = Cayuga Creek
tributary_right1 =
free_name =
free_value =


map_size =
map_caption = : "For other rivers with this name, see Buffalo River." The Buffalo River is a river that empties into the eastern end of Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes, by the City of Buffalo in the United States of America. This stream is called the Buffalo River only in the vicinity of the city and is known as Buffalo Creek as it flows through other parts of Western New York. This change in name occurs near the western border of the Town of West Seneca, where Buffalo Creek receives the contents of Cayuga Creek. The river is further increased by the confluence with Cazenovia Creek in Buffalo.

Buffalo River

The Buffalo River flows westward from the point of confluence, soon passing through a heavily industrialized part of the city. The river enters the lake between the United States Coast Guard station and the Erie Basin Marina. The grounds of the Coast Guard station include the 1832 Buffalo Lighthouse. The Buffalo River was the western terminus of the famed Erie CanalFact|date=August 2008. Entry to the River from the Canal was gained via the mouth of a small tributary, Little Buffalo Creek, which was excavated and stabilized to form the Commercial Slip leading from the Erie Canal. The Buffalo River formed the southwest boundary of the rough pentagon that enclosed the "Five Points" or "Canal Street" district, bounded on the northeast by the Erie Canal. When the Canal was completed in 1825, New York Gorvernor Dewitt Clinton's vessel was towed from the Canal through the Commercial Slip and Buffalo River to Lake Erie, where he poured Atlantic Ocean water into the Lake, and collected Lake water to place in the ocean after his return trip to New York City.

The entire river is now regarded as an urban canoe trail, and the portion nearest the lake is part of the Port of Buffalo, able to take on larger vessels. This part was once extended to expand the port by means of the City Ship Canal and its extension, the Lehigh Valley Canal. The canals paralleled the river briefly and increased the dockage available for shipping. The canals have now been mostly filled in. One exception is a portion which has been used for the Tifft Farm Nature Preserve in the outhwest corner of the city. Parts of the canal are now ponds within the preserve.

Buffalo Creek

Buffalo Creek is a meandering stream before it becomes the Buffalo River. It originates in the south part of Erie County and the western part of Wyoming County. The Erie County sources are in the Town of Holland before flowing northward through the other towns in the county. In Wyoming County, the sources are in the Towns of Arcade, Java, and Sheldon, before flowing into Erie County.

Origin of the name

It is a well known factFact|date=August 2008 that the City of Buffalo received its name from the creek of the same name, however, there are several unproven theories as to the origin of the name of the creek. Early French explorers reported the abundance of buffalo on the south shore of Lake Erie, but their presence on the banks of Buffalo Creek is still a matter of debate, so the origin of the name of the creek is still uncertain. Neither the Native American name ("Place of the Basswoods") or the French name ("River of Horses") survived so the current name likely dates to the British occupation which began with the capture of Fort Niagara in 1759. The British engineer John Montresor mentions the name Buffalo Creek four times in his journal of 1764, indicating that the name was in common use at that time. Another argument is that the creek is named after a Native American who once lived on the bank of the river, but there is no evidence to support this theory. The claim that the name is an Anglicized form of the name "Beau Fleuve" ("beautiful river"), which was supposedly an exclamation uttered by Louis Hennepin when he first saw the stream, is the least likely explanation.

History

An Indian village was established on Buffalo Creek by the British in the spring of 1780. These were Senecas and others who had fled to Fort Niagara after the Sullivan Expedition of 1779. On July 8, 1788, Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham met with Indians of the Five Indian Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (including Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, Cayugas, and Senecas) at Buffalo Creek to execute a deed or treaty for rights to their lands in New York State east of the Genesee River (see Phelps and Gorham Purchase). cite journal |last=McKeveley |first= Blake|year=1939 |month=January |title=Historic Aspects of the Phelps and Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, 1788 |journal=Rochester History |volume=1 |issue=1 | publisher=Rochester Public Library | issn =0035-7413 |url=http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf |accessdate=2008-01-05 ] In 1838, the Treaty of Buffalo Creek dealt with the disposition of the remaining land held by the Iroquois Confederation.

Pollution

The Buffalo River is listed as a Great Lakes Areas of Concern in The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada.

See also

*List of New York rivers

References

External links

* [http://www.letchworthparkhistory.com/buffalocreek1826.html Buffalo Creek Treaty]
* [http://www.bnriverkeeper.org/programs/tributary/buffalo_river/Buffalo_river.htm Buffalo River Remedial Action Plan]
* [http://www.bnriverkeeper.org/ Buffalo Niagara Riverkeeper]
* [http://www.nysgextension.org/tourism/tours/buffrivertour/map.htm Buffalo River Urban Canoe Trail]