Andreas Karlstadt

Andreas Rudolph Bodenstein von Karlstadt (1486 – December 24 1541), better known as Andreas Karlstadt or Andreas Carlstadt, was a German Christian theologian during the Protestant Reformation. He was born in Karlstadt, Franconia.

Education

Karlstadt received his doctorate of theology in 1510 from the University of Wittenberg. Previously, Karlstadt had been educated at Erfurt and in Cologne. In the same year in which Karlstadt received his doctorate he became archdeacon and the chair of the theology department. In 1511 he became chancellor of Wittenberg university. In 1512 he awarded Martin Luther his doctorate. From 1515-16, he studied in Rome, where he obtained the double degree in canon and civil law (utriusque juris) at the Sapienza university.

Reformation

Before 1515, Karlstadt was a proponent of a modified scholasticism. He was a "secular" cleric with no official ties to any monastic order. His beliefs were challenged during his stay in Rome, where he saw large-scale corruption in the Roman Catholic Church, and on a document dated September 16, 1516 he wrote a series of 151 theses. (These should not be confused with Luther's 95 theses (1517) that attacked indulgences.)

In 1519, Johann Eck challenged Karlstadt to the Leipzig Debate. There, Eck debated with Luther as well as Karlstadt.

On June 15, 1520, Pope Leo X issued the papal bull Exsurge Domine that threatened Luther and Karlstadt with excommunication,and condemned several of their theses. Both reformers remained steadfast, and excommunication followed in 1521 in the papal bull Decet Romanum pontificem.

After the Diet of Worms (January-May, 1521), and while Luther was hiding at Wartburg Castle, Karlstadt worked toward reform in Wittenberg. On Christmas Day 1521, he performed the first "reformed" communion service. He did not elevate the elements of communion, wore secular clothing during the service, and purged all references to sacrifice from the traditional mass. He shouted rather than whispered the words of institution ('This is my body, etc.) in German instead of Latin, rejected confession as a prerequisite for communion), and let the communicants take both bread and wine on their own during the Communion.

In early January 1522, the Wittenberg city council authorized the removal of imagery from churches and affirmed the changes introduced by Karlstadt on Christmas. On January 19, Karlstadt married Anna von Mochau, the fifteen-year old daughter of a poor nobleman. On January 20, the imperial government and the Pope ordered Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony to undo the changes. Frederick let most of the mass revert to its Catholic form, but in a letter to the Wittenberg Council, he noted his personal compassion for Karlstadt.

Relationship with Luther

In the first week of March, Luther returned from Wartburg. From March 9-16, Luther gave eight sermons in which he stressed some theological similarities with Karlstadt, but, in hindsight, urged caution. This was a major turning point between Karlstadt and Luther. Karlstadt reasserted some of his moderately mystical leanings, continued wearing peasants' clothing, asked to be called "Brother Andreas," and became disillusioned with academic life. In fact, he renounced his three doctoral degrees, and, according to one source,Fact|date=August 2008 "gave excellent but infrequent lectures."

In May 1523, Karlstadt was invited by the church of Orlamünde to be its pastor, and he accepted at once. Here he instituted all his radical reforms, and Orlamünde became the model of a congregationalist reformation. Church music and art was set aside, clerical matrimony was preached, and infant baptism was rejected. Perhaps most importantly, in Orlamünde Karlstadt denied the physical but affirmed the spiritual presence of Christ in the communion.

From Spring 1524, Luther started to campaign against Karlstadt, denying his right to publish and preach without Luther's authorization. In June, Karlstadt resigned as archdeacon. In July, Luther published the Letter to the Saxon Princes, in which he argued that Thomas Müntzer and Karlstadt agreed, and were both dangerous sectarians with revolutionary tendencies.

On 22 August 1524, Luther preached in Jena. Karlstadt hid in the crowd during Luther’s preaching, and wrote to Luther, asking to see him. This led to the well-known confrontation at the Black Bear Inn in a conversation recorded by a Martin Reinhardt and published within a month. There were a number of misunderstandings between the two men. For example, Luther said that he was convinced that Karlstadt had revolutionary tendencies, despite the fact that Karlstadt had all along rejected violence in the name of religion, and rejected Thomas Muentzer's invitation to join the League of the Elect. Karlstadt's answer was published in 1524 in Wittenberg, and is still extant. This showed that Karlstadt continued to reject the violence that led to the Peasant War. Another defamation was Luther's accusation that Karlstadt was not authorized to preach at the city church in Wittenberg during Luther’s stay at Wartburg. The conversation ended when Luther gave Karlstadt a guilder and told him to write against him. In September 1524 Karlstadt was exiled from Saxony by Frederick the Wise and George, Duke of Saxony.

The Peasant War

When the Peasant War broke out, Karlstadt was threatened and wrote to Luther and asked for assistance. Luther took him in, and Karlstadt lived secretly in Luther's house for eight weeks. However, Karlstadt had to sign a pseudo retraction, titled “Apology by Dr. Andreas Karlstadt Regarding the False Charge of Insurrection Which has Unjustly Been Made Against Him.” It also contained a preface by Luther. In March 1526, Luther's wife became godmother to one of Karlstadt's children, but Karlstadt then told her that an earlier infant, had been allowed to die without baptism. Karlstadt was not allowed to preach or publish, and supported his family as a bartender near Wittenberg until 1529 when he retracted his pseudo retraction.

Iconoclasm and Marian views

Some of the Protestant reformers, in particular Andreas Karlstadt, together with Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin encouraged the removal of religious images by invoking the Decalogue's prohibition of idolatry and the manufacture of graven images of God. As a result, statues and images were damaged in spontaneous individual attacks as well as unauthorised iconoclastic riots. Erasmus described such an incident in a letter:

* "The smiths and workmen removed the pictures from the churches and heaped such insults upon the images of the saints and the crucifix itself. … Not one statue was left either in the churches , or he vestibules or the porches or he monasteries. The frescoes were obliterated with lime. Whatever would burn was thrown in the fire, and the rest was pounded into fragments. Nothing was spared for the love of money." [Will Durant, Reformation New York, 1957, 411]

Karlstadt was a driving force of the "“Bildersturm”" in his days. In 1522, he convinced the Council of Wittenberg to issue the removal of all pictures, which had “catastrophic consequences” [Bildersturn in Bäumer, Marienlexikon, Regensburg, 1988, p. 481.] Martin Luther distanced himself from these actions. On March 12, Karlstadt 1522, Karlstadt spoke about Marian pictures and urged for the removal of all Marian pictures, venerated at the time. Special aim was taken at Marian pictures visited in in pilgrimages. He asked for the destruction of Marian shrines such as the Church Mary the Beautiful in Regensburg. Karlstadt was not alone in his quest, supported by Martin Bucer, Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin [ Bäumer 481]

Yet is was more than a local German event. Significant iconoclastic riots took place in Zürich (in 1523), Copenhagen (1530), Münster (1534), Geneva (1535), Augsburg (1537), and Scotland (1559). The Seventeen Provinces (now the Netherlands and Belgium and parts of Northern France) were hit by a large wave of Protestant iconoclasm in the summer of 1566. This is called the "Beeldenstorm" and included such acts as the destruction of the statuary of the Monastery of Saint Lawrence in Steenvoorde after a "Hagenpreek", or field sermon, by Sebastiaan Matte; and the sacking of the Monastery of Saint Anthony after a sermon by Jacob de Buysere. The "Beeldenstorm" marked the start of the revolution against the Spanish forces and the Catholic church. See Flanders for more on its history.

Death and legacy

Fleeing Saxony, Karlstadt served as a minister in Switzerland in Altstaetten and Zürich. In 1534 he went to Basel as minister of the university church and Professor of Hebrew and Dean of the university. He remained in Basel until he died of the plague in 1541.

During Karlstadt's lifetime he published about 90 writings in about 213 editions. Between the years 1518-1525, 125 editions of his works were published in Germany, more than any other writer, save Luther. Karlstadt anticipated many Anabaptist viewpoints. His books on the Lord's Supper were published with the co-operation of the Swiss Brethren in Zürich, specifically Felix Mantz and probably Andreas Castelberg, as well as Karlstadt's brother-in-law, Gerhard Westerburg of Cologne, who baptized over 2,000 adults in his swimming pool. Karlstadt's influence on Protestantism in general included the removal of the Apocrypha from Protestant Bibles, the abolition of mandatory celibacy (He married more than three years before Luther, and published several writings on the subject, both in Latin and German.). As to images and liturgy; he influenced Zwingli, and the Anabaptists directly, and, indirectly, the Baptists, and Presbyterian Protestants. He had a remarkable impact on the furrier Melchior Hoffman, who spread Anabaptist ideas to northern Germany and what is now The Netherlands. In Amsterdam, the founders of the English Baptists, John Smyth and John Murton, accepted central teachings from the Waterlander Mennonites. Karlstadt also defended observance of the Sabbath, a view that became linked to Puritans and Calvinists alike.

Writings

*"On the Canon of Scripture (in Latin, 1520; in German, 1521-2)
*"On the Removal of Images" [Vom Abtuhung der Bilder] , (1522)
*"On Baptism" [Vom dem Tauff]
*"Letter from the Community of Orlamünde to the people of Allstedt, on how Christians ought to fight.", (Wittenberg: 1524).

References

*"Andreas Carlstadt: The Reformation goes Radical", by John L. Hoh, Jr. (From "Leaders of the Reformation", 2007, i-Proclaim/HoneyMilk Publications.)
*"Bainton, Roland H. Here I Stand. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950.
*"Furcha, E.J. (Ed.) The Essential Carlstadt. Scottdale, Pennsylvania: Herald Press, 1995.
*"Leroux, Neil R. 2003. Karlstadt’s christag predig: Prophetic rhetoric in an “evangelical” mass. Church History: 102-137.
*"Pater, Calvin Augustine. Karlstadt as the Father of the Anabaptist Movements Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984,86.
*"Sider, Ronald J. (Ed.) Karlstadt’s Battle With Luther. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1978.

External links

* [http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/K3759.html Karlstadt, Andreas Rudolff-Bodenstein von (1486-1541)] in "Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online"