- Greuthungi
The Greuthungs, Greuthungi, or Greutungi were a Gothic people of the
Black Sea steppes in the third and fourth centuries. They had close contacts with the Thervingi, another Gothic people from west of the riverDnestr . They may be the same people as the laterOstrogoths .Etymology
"Greuthungi" may mean "steppe dwellers" or "people of the pebbly coasts".Herwig Wolfram, "History of the Goths", trans. T. J. Dunlop (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988), p. 25.] The root "greut"- is probably related to the
Old English "greot", meaning "gravel, grit, earth". [Thomas S. Burns, "A History of the Ostrogoths" (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), p. 30.] This is supported by evidence that geographic descriptors were commonly used to distinguish people living north of the Black Sea both before and after Gothic settlement there and by the lack of evidence for an earlier date for the name pair Tervingi-Greuthungi than the late third century.Wolfram387–388 n58.] It is also possible that the name "Greuthungi" has pre-Pontic Scandinavian origins. It may mean "rock people", to distinguish the Ostrogoths from the Gauts (in what is today Sweden). Jordanes does refer to an "Evagreotingi" (Greuthung island) inScandza , but this may be legend. It has also been suggested that it may be related to certain place names in Poland, but this has met with little support.History
Jordanes, a mid 6th Century historian identifies the 4th Century Greuthungi with the 5th-6th Century Ostrogothi. Jordanes also describes a large Greuthung kingdom in the late 4th century, but Ammianus Marcellinus, a late 4th Century historian, does not record this. Many modern historians, including
Peter Heather andMichael Kulikowski , doubt that it was ever particularly extensive (and suggest one or more smaller kingdoms). [Heather, Peter, 1998, "The Goths," Blackwell, Malden, pp. 53-55.] [Kulikowski, Michael, 2007, "Rome's Gothic Wars", Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 54-56, 111-112.]Archaeology
[
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legend|#80f|Roman Empire ] In time and geographical area, the Greutungi and their neighbors theThervingi correspond to the archaeological Chernyakhov Culture.ettlement pattern
Chernyakhov settlements cluster in open ground in river valleys. The houses include sunken-floored dwellings, surface dwellings, and stall-houses. The largest known settlement (Budesty) is 35 hectares. [Heather, Peter and Matthews, John, 1991, "The Goths in the Fourth Century", Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, pp. 52-54.] Most settlements are open and unfortified; some forts are also known. Fact|date=February 2007
Burial practices
Chernyakhov cemeteries include both
cremation andinhumation burials; among the latter the head is to the north. Some graves were left empty. Grave goods often include pottery, bone combs, and iron tools, but almost never any weapons. [Heather, Peter and Matthews, John, 1991, "Goths in the Fourth Century," Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, pp. 54-56.]Relationship with the Ostrogoths
The division of the Goths is first attested in 291.Wolfram, 24.] The Greuthungi are first named by
Ammianus Marcellinus , writing no earlier than 392 and perhaps later than 395, and basing his account of the words of a Tervingian chieftain who is attested as early as 376. The Ostrogoths are first named in a document dated September 392 fromMilan .Claudian mentions that they together with the "Gruthungi" inhabitPhrygia . [Wolfram, 387 n52.] According toHerwig Wolfram , the primary sources either use the terminology of Tervingi/Greuthungi orVesi /Ostrogothi and never mix the pairs. All four names were used together, but the pairing was always preserved, as in "Gruthungi, Austrogothi, Tervingi, Visi".Both Herwig Wolfram and Thomas Burns conclude that the term Greuthungi was a geographical identifier used by the Tervingi to describe a people that described itself as the Ostrogoths.Burns, 44.] This terminology therefore dropped out of use after the Goths were displaced by the Hunnic invasions. In support of this, Wolfram cites
Zosimus as referring to a group of "Scythians" north of theDanube who were called "Greuthungi" by the barbarians north of theIster .Wolfram, 387 n57.] Wolfram concludes that this people was the Tervingi who had remained behind after the Hunnic conquest. On this understanding, the Greuthungi and Ostrogothi were more or less the same people.That the Greuthungi were the Ostrogothi is also supported by
Jordanes . [Heather, 52–57, 300–301.] He identified the Ostrogothic kings fromTheodoric the Great toTheodahad as the heirs of the Greuthungian kingErmanaric . This interpretation, however, though very common among scholars today, is not universal. The nomenclature of Greuthungi and Tervingi fell out of use shortly after 400. In general, the terminology of a divided Gothic people disappeared gradually after they entered the Roman Empire.ee also
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Greuthungi Wall References
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