Julia Margaret Cameron

Julia Margaret Cameron (11 June 1815 – 26 January 1879) was a British photographer. She became known for her portraits of celebrities of the time, and for Arthurian and similar legendary themed pictures.

Cameron's photographic career was short, spanning the last eleven years of her life. She did not take up photography until the age of 48, when she was given a camera as a present [J. Paul Getty Museum. [http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=2026 Julia Margaret Cameron.] Retrieved September 13, 2008.] . Her work had a huge impact on the development of modern photography, especially her closely cropped portraits which are still mimicked today. Her house, Dimbola Lodge, on the Isle of Wight can still be visited.

Early life

Julia Margaret Cameron was born Julia Margaret Pattle in Calcutta, India, to James Pattle, a British official of the East India Company, and Adeline de l'Etang, a daughter of French aristocrats. Cameron was from a family of celebrated beauties, and was considered an ugly duckling among her sisters. As her great-niece Virginia Woolf wrote in 1926 introduction to the Hogarth Press collection of Cameron's photographs, "In the trio [of sisters] where... [one] was Beauty; and [one] Dash; Mrs. Cameron was undoubtedly Talent" [Setina, Emily. A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron. "Literature Compass" 4/1(2007):263–270.] .

Marriage

Julia was educated in France, but returned to India, and in 1838 married Charles Hay Cameron, a jurist and member of the Law Commission stationed in Calcutta, who was twenty years her senior. In 1848, Charles Hay Cameron retired, and the family moved to London, England. Cameron's sister, Sarah Prinsep, had been living in London and hosted a salon at Little Holland House, the dower house of Holland House in Kensington, where famous artists and writers regularly visited. In 1860, Cameron visited the estate of poet Alfred Lord Tennyson on the Isle of Wight. Julia was taken with the location, and the Cameron family purchased a property on the island soon after. They called it Dimbola Lodge after the family's Ceylon estate.

Photography

In 1863, when Cameron was 48 years old, her daughter gave her a camera as a present, thereby starting her career as a photographer. Within a year, Cameron became a member of the Photographic Societies of London and Scotland. In her photography, Cameron strove to capture beauty. She wrote, "I longed to arrest all the beauty that came before me and at length the longing has been satisfied." [ [http://www.askoxford.com/worldofwords/quotations/quotefrom/codandcamera/ AskOxford: The Cod and the Camera ] ]

The basic techniques of soft-focus "fancy portraits", which she later developed, were taught to her by David Wilkie Wynfield. She later wrote that "to my feeling about his beautiful photography I owed all my attempts and indeed consequently all my success". [ [http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/photography/features/photo_focus/cameron/related/index.html Victoria and Albert Museum: Julia Margaret Cameron Related Photographers] ]

Alfred Lord Tennyson, her neighbour on the Isle of Wight, often brought friends to see the photographer.

Cameron was sometimes obsessive about her new occupation, with subjects sitting for countless exposures in the blinding light as she laboriously coated, exposed, and processed each wet plate. The results were, in fact, unconventional in their intimacy and their particular visual habit of created blur through both long exposures, where the subject moved and by leaving the lens intentionally out of focus. This led some of her contemporaries to complain and even ridicule the work, but her friends and family were supportive, and she was one of the most prolific and advanced of amateurs in her time. Her enthusiasm for her craft meant that her children and others sometimes tired of her endless photographing, but it also means that we are left with some of the best of records of her children and of the many notable figures of the time who visited her.

During her career, Cameron registered each of her photographs with the copyright office and kept detailed records. Her shrewd business sense is one reason that so many of her works survive today. Another reason that many of Cameron's portraits are significant is because they are often the only existing photograph of historical figures. Many paintings and drawings exist, but, at the time, photography was still a new and challenging medium for someone outside a typical portrait studio.

The bulk of Cameron's photographs fit into two categories – closely framed portraits and illustrative allegories based on religious and literary works. In the allegorical works in particular, her artistic influence was clearly Pre-Raphaelite, with far-away looks and limp poses and soft lighting.Fact|date=January 2008

Portraits

celebrities, and tried to capture their personalities in her photos.

Photographic illustrations

Cameron's posed photographic illustrations represent the other half of her work. In these illustrations, she frequently photographed historical scenes or literary works, which often took the quality of oil paintings. However, she made no attempt in hiding the backgrounds. Cameron's friendship with Tennyson led to his asking her to photograph illustrations for his "Idylls of the King". These photographs are designed to look like oil paintings from the same time period, including rich details like historical costumes and intricate draperies. Today, these posed works are sometimes dismissed by art critics. Nevertheless, Cameron saw these photographs as art, just like the oil paintings they imitated.

Later life

In 1875, the Camerons moved back to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Julia continued to practice photography but complained in letters about the difficulties of getting chemicals and pure water to develop and print photographs. Also, in India, she did not have access to Little Holland House's artistic community. She also did not have a market to distribute her photographs as she had in England. Because of this, Cameron took fewer pictures in India. These pictures were of posed Indian natives, paralleling the posed pictures that Cameron had taken of neighbours in England. Almost none of Cameron's work from India survives. Cameron died in Kalutara, Ceylon in 1879.

Legacy

Cameron's niece Julia Prinsep Stephen née Jackson (1846–1895) wrote the biography of Cameron, which appeared in the first edition of the "Dictionary of National Biography", 1886. [Stephen, L. (1886). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/57472138&referer=brief_results Dictionary of national biography: vol. VIII. Burton -- Cantwell] . London: Smith, Elder, & Co.]

Julia Stephen was the mother of Virginia Woolf, who wrote a comic portrayal of the "Freshwater circle" in her only play "Freshwater". Woolf edited, with Roger Fry, a collection of Cameron's photographs. [Woolf, V., & Fry, R. E. (1926). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/83420939&referer=brief_results Victorian photographs of famous men & women] . New York: Harcourt, Brace.]

However, it was not until 1948 that her photography became more widely known when Helmut Gernsheim wrote a book on her work. [Gernsheim, H. (1948). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/2613108 Julia Margaret Cameron; her life and photographic work. Famous photographers] . London: Fountain Press; distributed in the USA by Transatlantic Arts, New York.]

Further reading

*Cameron, J. M. P. (1875). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/41007099&referer=brief_results Illustrations by Julia Margaret Cameron of Alfred Tennyson's Idylls of the King and other poems] .
*Cameron, J. M. P. (1889). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/40746954&referer=brief_results Fragment of exhibition catalogue, Annals of my glass house by Julia Margaret Cameron] .
*Cameron, J. M. P. (1973). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/808848&referer=brief_results Victorian photographs of famous men & fair women] . Boston: D.R. Godine.
*Cameron, J. M. (1975). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/60057081&referer=brief_results The Herschel album: an album of photographs] . London (2 St Martin's Place, WC2H 0HE): National Portrait Gallery.
*Cameron, J. M., & Ford, C. (1975). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/59244389&referer=brief_results The Cameron Collection: an album of photographs] . Wokingham: Van Nostrand Reinhold for the National Portrait Gallery.
*Cameron, J. M. P., & Weaver, M. (1986). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/14213340&referer=brief_results Whisper of the muse: the Overstone album & other photographs] . Malibu: J. Paul Getty Museum.
*Cameron, J. M. P. (1994). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/31931421&referer=brief_results For my best beloved sister, Mia: an album of photographs by Julia Margaret Cameron : an exhibition of works from the Hochberg-Mattis collection organized by the University of New Mexico Art Museum] . Albuquerque: The Museum.
*Wolf, Sylvia, et al. (1998). [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39360550&referer=brief_results Julia Margaret Cameron's women] . Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago.
*Lukitsh, Joanne (2001). [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49672569&referer=brief_results Julia Margaret Cameron] . London: Phaidon.
*Cox, Julian, and Colin Ford (2003). [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50243535&referer=brief_results Julia Margaret Cameron: the complete photographs] . Los Angeles: Getty Publications.

References

External links

* [http://www.dimbola.co.uk/ Julia Margaret Cameron Trust]
* [http://www.ssplprints.com/category.php?catid=1166&ref=wiki&ad=sspl06 The official National Media Museum print website] containing many Julia Margaret Cameron prints
* [http://www.geh.org/ne/mismi3/cameron_sum00001.html George Eastman House photography collection - 163 selected images]
* [http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/cameron/index.shtml Julia Margaret Cameron exhibit at the National Gallery of Victoria, Australia]
* [http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=tf2s20025w&chunk.id=scopecontent-1.7.4&brand=oac Inventory of the Julia Margaret Cameron Family Papers, ca. 1777-1940] , including full names of individuals, their identity, and nicknames used within the correspondence
* cite web |publisher= Victoria and Albert Museum
url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/photography/photo_focus/cameron/index.html
title= Julia Margaret Cameron - Photographer in Focus
work=Photography
accessdate= 2007-08-25
* [http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/whatsonnet/displayexhibitions.aspx?mode=future&venue=7 Julia Margaret Cameron photography as part of 'Victorian Visions' (on loan from V&A Museum) at Lady Lever Art Gallery, Port Sunlight, Wirral. From December 2007 - March 2008.]