Scaled Composites Proteus

The Scaled Composites Model 281 Proteus is a tandem-wing high-endurance aircraft designed by Burt Rutan to investigate the use of aircraft as high altitude telecommunications relays. The Proteus is actually a multi-mission vehicle, able to carry various payloads on a ventral pylon. An extremely high-efficiency design, the Proteus can orbit a point at over 65,000 feet (19,800 m) for more than 18 hours. It is currently owned by Northrop Grumman.

Design and development

Proteus has an all-composite airframe with graphite-epoxy sandwich construction. Its wingspan of 77 feet 7 inches is expandable to 92 feet with removable wingtips installed. Proteus is an "optionally piloted" aircraft ordinarily flown by two pilots in a pressurized cabin. However, it also has the capability to perform its missions semi-autonomously or flown remotely from the ground. Under NASA's Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) project, NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center assisted Scaled Composites in developing a sophisticated station-keeping autopilot system and a satellite communications (SATCOM)-based uplink-downlink data system for Proteus' performance and payload data. The Proteus wing was adapted for use on the Model 318 White Knight carrier aircraft, which is the launch system for Rutan's Tier One spacecraft and the DARPA X-37.

Flight testing of the Proteus began with its first flight on July 26, 1998 at the Mojave Airport and continued through the end of 1999. In June, Proteus was deployed internationally for the first time, debuting at the Paris Air Show. It was flown non-stop from Bangor, Maine to Paris. During the week-long show, it flew each day, demonstrating its capabilities as a telecommunications platform.

The Proteus is the current holder of a number of FAI world records for altitude (class: C1-e: landplanes 3,000-6,000kg, Group: 3, turbojet), set in cooperation with NASA Dryden [ [http://records.fai.org/general_aviation/current.asp?id1=126&id2=4 FAI records listing] ] . The highest altitude achieved was 63,245 feet — 19,277 meters — in October, 2000.

Proteus was included in the list of the "100 Best of 1998 Design", Time Magazine, December 21, 1998 [ [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989883-2,00.html Time Magazine, December 21, 1998] ] .

Operational History

Due to the multimission nature of the aircraft, it has been involved in a number of significant research projects and missions. Northrop Grumman actively markets the aircraft as a research platform, and has published a user's guide for planning proposed missions. [http://www.is.northropgrumman.com/test/proteus_payload_users_guide.pdf Northrop-Grumman Proteus Payload Users' Guide] ]

Angel Technologies HALO

Proteus was originally conceived as a high-altitude, long operation (HALO) telecommunications platform. Proteus was to be the first of a series of aircraft built by Scaled Technology Works of Montrose, Colorado (a proposed spinoff of Scaled Composites which was later cancelled). The aircraft was intended to carry a 14-foot antenna, which was flight tested in the fall of 1999 and the summer of 2000, including the relay of a video conference while the aircraft orbited over Los Angeles. [ [http://www.isoc.org/inet99/proceedings/4d/4d_3.htm Colelle, Nicholas J, and Martin, James N., "High-Speed Internet Access via Stratospheric HALO Aircraft" INET '99 Conference Proceedings] ] The project failed to move forward, however, and the subsequent series aircraft were not built.

ARTIS camera

A small Airborne Real-Time Imaging System (ARTIS) camera, developed by HyperSpectral Sciences, Inc., under NASA's ERAST project, was demonstrated during the summer of 1999 when it took visual and near-infrared photos from Proteus while it was flying high over the Experimental Aircraft Association's AirVenture 99 Airshow at Oshkosh, Wisconsin. The images were displayed on a computer monitor at the show only moments after they were taken.

NAST validation

Proteus' first science mission was to carry the National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Airborne Sounder Testbed - Interferometer (NAST-I) instrument in March, 2000 during the Cloud-Intensive Operating Period over the Department of Energy Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site. The flights, based out of Stilwell, Oklahoma, encompassed 30 flight hours over week and a half, characterizing cloud properties and validating the instrument. [ [http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/nasti/instrument_overview.shtml "National Polar - Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Airborne Sounder Testbed - Interferometer (NAST-I) Instrument" Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies] ]

Then, in September and October 2000, during the Water-Vapor Intensive Operating Period, Proteus and NAST flew validation flights studying upper tropospheric water vapor and performing underflights of the Terra satellite.

ARM-FIRE AFWEX project

In November-December 2000, Proteus flew as part of the DOE's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program and their water vapor experiments. Flights were essentially the same as was flown for the NAST Water-Vapor Intensive Operating Period validation flights. [ [http://www.db.arm.gov/cgi-bin/IOP2/selectExecSummary.pl?iopName=sgp2000afwex ARM web site] ]

NASA TRACE-P

As part of the TRACE-P (Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific) mission, Proteus once again carried the NAST pod during March, 2001. The aircraft logged 126 flight hours, and was variously based out of Alaska, Hawaii and Japan, gathering data in coordination with ground, balloon and satellite sensor packages over the North Pole in March, 2001. [ [http://fuelberg.met.fsu.edu/research/nasa_tracep.html Fuelberg, Dr. Henry E., "Numerical Simulations and Diagnostic Studies Relating Meteorology to Atmospheric Chemistry During TRACE-P", Fuelberg Lab] ] [ [http://www-gte.larc.nasa.gov/gte_fld.htm#TRACE-P NASA Global Troposphere Experiment page] ]

NASA CLAMS

Proteus took part in the NASA Chesapeake Lighthouse & Aircraft Measurements for Satellites (CLAMS) program in July and August 2001, flying out of NASA's Wallops Flight Facility. The project used a number of different aircraft to develop methods of measuring ocean characteristics, and estimates of aerosols. [ [http://www-clams.larc.nasa.gov/clams/Aircraft.html NASA CLAMS web site] ]

Airborne laser target

In February, 2002, Proteus carried a 30-foot long pod which served as a target for development of the Airborne Laser system. The pod housed an array of over 2000 small holes containing optical sensors to detect the laser system.

ERAST DSA system

In March 2002, NASA Dryden, in cooperation with New Mexico State University's Technical Analysis and Applications Center (TAAC), the FAA and several other entities, conducted flight demonstrations of an active detect, see and avoid (DSA) system for potential application to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) out of Las Cruces, New Mexico. This was a part of the NASA ERAST Project. Proteus was flown as a surrogate UAV controlled remotely from the ground, although safety pilots were aboard to handle takeoff and landing and any potential emergencies. Three other aircraft, ranging from general aviation aircraft to a NASA F/A-18, served as "cooperative" target aircraft with an operating transponder. In each of 18 different scenarios, a Goodrich Skywatch HP Traffic Advisory System (TAS) on the Proteus detected approaching air traffic on potential collision courses, including several scenarios with two aircraft approaching from different directions. The remote pilot then directed Proteus to turn, climb or descend as needed to avoid the potential threat.

In April 2003, a second series of flight demonstrations focusing on "non-cooperative" aircraft (those without operating transponders), was conducted in restricted airspace near Mojave, California., again using the Proteus as a surrogate UAV. Proteus was equipped with a small Amphitech OASys 35 GHz primary radar system to detect potential intruder aircraft on simulated collision courses. The radar data was sent directly to the ground station as well as via an Inmarsat satellite system installed on Proteus. A mix of seven intruder aircraft, ranging from a sailplane to a high-speed jet, flew 20 scenarios over a four-day period, one or two aircraft at a time. In each case, the radar picked up the intruding aircraft at ranges from 2.5 to 6.5 miles, depending on the intruder's radar signature. Proteus' remote pilot on the ground was able to direct Proteus to take evasive action if needed.

IHOP 2002

The International H2O Project (IHOP 2002) was a field experiment which took place over the Southern Great Plains of the United States from May 13 to June 25, 2002. The chief aim of IHOP 2002 was improved characterization of the four-dimensional (4-D) distribution of water vapor and its application to improving the understanding and prediction of convection. The NASA Holographic Airborne Rotating Lidar Instrument Experiment was flown as a part of this project. Flights were performed in coordination with Lockheed P-3 and DC-8 aircraft. [ [http://www.atd.ucar.edu/pipermail/ihop/2002-May/000046.html Ihop Aircraft flight hour allocation and dropsondes] ] [ [http://www.oar.noaa.gov/spotlite/archive/spot_ihop.html Tarp, Keli, "National Severe Storms Laboratory Hosts International H20 Project" NOAA Research] ]

NASA Crystal-FACE

In July, 2002, Proteus participated in Crystal-FACE, measuring tropical cirrus clouds, operating from Key West, Florida, flying as far south as Belize. For this phase of the project, the aircraft was configured with 10-foot canards and 13½ foot wingtip extensions. [ [http://63.228.74.201/Crystal/Crystal.html Crystal-FACE Project images] ] [ [http://www.arp.harvard.edu/info/missions/crystalf/020705kwhg/ CRYSTAL/FACE Photos: The Hangar at KWNAF, Anderson Group] ]

ARM-UAV

Proteus has been used in a number of deployments as a part of a project sponsored by the DOE's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program and the Sandia National Laboratories to study cirrus clouds in the upper atmosphere [ [http://www.ca.sandia.gov/pubs/factsheets/ARM-UAV2004.pdf Sandia ARM-UAV factsheet] ] . During these flights, the aircraft was equipped with over 20 sensors mounted on five different parts of the aircraft. In November 2002, Proteus participated in another phase of the project, flying from Ponca City. In October, 2004, Proteus operated out of Fairbanks, Alaska Fact|date=February 2007, and in February, 2006, the aircraft was deployed to Darwin, Australia.

t/Space trapeze

In May and June, 2005, Transformational Space Corp., or t/Space, flight tested their rocket release concept utilizing Scaled Composites' Proteus. A captive-carry test flight was performed on May 13, and the rocket mockup was dropped three times, on May 24, June 7 and June 14, over Edwards AFB. The mockup was a 23% scale model of a proposed 4-person crew capsule (called the CXV) and its AirLaunch LLC-produced QuickReach II booster. [ [http://airlaunchllc.com/ Air Launch official web site] ] These particular flight tests were to demonstrate the concept of t/Space's Trapeze/Lanyard (TLAD) air drop system. [ [http://www.mojaveweblog.com/pages/050725-1.html "Two Different Air Launch Projects Test at Mojave", "Mojave Weblog", archived at Archive.org] ]

Model 395 development

Northrop Grumman is using the Proteus to research new UAV technologies, as it can be controlled from the cockpit, a ground control station, or operate semi-autonomously. Scaled, in partnership with Northrop Grumman, is offering a fully unmanned version of the Proteus, labeled Model 395, as part of the competition for the USAF Hunter-Killer competition. If selected, that product would fly in 2007.

On February 24, 2005, Proteus became Scaled's first bomber with the release of an inert 500-pound weapon over Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada. [ [http://www.irconnect.com/noc/press/pages/news_releases.mhtml?d=73777] Northrop Grumman news release: "Northrop Grumman Demonstrates Weapons Drop from New Medium-Altitude UAV Prototype"]

Global Hawk radar

On April 27, 2006, Proteus flight tested a large pod designed to house a developmental version of the Multi-Platform Radar Technology Insertion Program, or MP-RTIP. This is a long range, high resolution air-to-ground and air-to-air synthetic aperture radar system being developed for use on the RQ-4 Global Hawk. This pod is, by function of its length and frontal area, one of the largest payloads carried by Proteus to date. Actual flight testing of the MP-RTIP system began in late September, 2006, with initial flight reaching 100 knots and 22,000 feet altitude. [ [http://www.afmc.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123028466 New Radar Flies High as Crucial Tests Begin - U.S. DOD] ] [Northrop begins flight testing of new radar technology for Global Hawk", "Aerotech News and Review", July 21, 2006]

World records

Proteus has set several world altitude records in FAI Class C-1e, (Landplanes: take off weight 3,000 to 6,000 kg), Group 2, turbojet, including:

*Altitude: piloted by Mike Melvill and Robert Waldmiller, 19,277 m, October 25 2000. [http://records.fai.org/general_aviation/current.asp?id1=126&id2=4 FAI world aviation records database, accessed August 30, 2008] ]
*Altitude in horizontal flight: piloted by Mike Melvill and Robert Waldmiller, 19,015 m, October 25 2000.
*Altitude with 1,000 kg payload: piloted by Mike Melvill and Robert Waldmiller, 17,067 m, October 27 2000.

pecifications (Proteus)

aircraft specifications
plane or copter?= plane
jet or prop?= jet
ref={name of first source}
crew= Two (pilot & co-pilot)
capacity=
length main= 56 ft 4 in
length alt= 17.17 m
span main= 77 ft 7 in
span alt= 23.65 m
height main= 17 ft 7 in
height alt= 5.36 m
area main= 487.7 ft² (including canards)
area alt= 45.31 m²
airfoil=
empty weight main= 5,900 lb
empty weight alt= 2,700 kg
loaded weight main= 12,500 lb
loaded weight alt= 5,700 kg
useful load main=
useful load alt=
max takeoff weight main=
max takeoff weight alt=
more general=

engine (jet)= Williams International FJ44-2
type of jet=
number of jets=2
thrust main= 2,300 lbf
thrust alt= 10.2 kN
thrust original=
afterburning thrust main=
afterburning thrust alt=
max speed main= 274 knots
max speed alt= 315 mph, 507 km/h
cruise speed main=
cruise speed alt=
never exceed speed main=
never exceed speed alt=
stall speed main=
stall speed alt=
range main= 415 nm
range alt= 480 miles, 770 km
ceiling main=60,000 ft
ceiling alt= 18,300 m
climb rate main= 6,000 ft/min
climb rate alt=30 m/s
loading main= 26 lb/ft²
loading alt= 128 kg/m²
thrust/weight= 1.8 N/kg
power/mass main=
power/mass alt=
more performance=
armament=
avionics=

References

External links

* [http://www.isoc.org/inet99/proceedings/4d/4d_3.htm "High-Speed Internet Access via Stratospheric HALO Aircraft"]
* [http://www.scaled.com/projects/proteus_payload_users_guide.pdf Mission User's Guide]
* [http://www.is.northropgrumman.com/test/proteus.html Northrop Grumman Proteus marketing page]
* [http://www.ausairpower.net/AC-0999.html Angels, HALOs and Atmospheric Networks]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/mp-rtip.htm MP-RTIP description]
* [http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Gallery/Photo/Proteus/HTML/EC03-0085-17.html Project descriptions]
* [http://t2www.nasa.r3h.net/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-069-DFRC.html NASA Proteus fact sheet]
* [http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/nasti/field_campaigns.shtml NAST field deployment summary]

ee also

aircontent
related=
*Scaled Composites Model 395
*Scaled Composites Model 318
similar aircraft=

sequence=

lists=

see also=