Kazimierz Twardowski

Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski, Ritter von Ogończyk (October 20, 1866, Vienna, Austria – February 11, 1938, Poland) was a Polish philosopher and logician.

Life

Twardowski studied philosophy in Vienna with Franz Brentano and Robert Zimmermann. In 1892 he received his doctorate with his dissertation, "Idee und Perzeption" (Idea and Perception), and in 1894 he presented his habilitation thesis, "Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen" (On the Doctrine of the Content and Object of Presentations). He originated many novel ideas related to metaphilosophy.He lectured in Vienna in the years 1894-95, then was appointed professor at Lemberg in Austrian Galicia (later Lwów, now Lviv in the Ukraine) .

There Twardowski established the Lwów-Warsaw School of logic and also became the "father of Polish logic", beginning the tradition of scientific philosophy in Poland. Among his students were the logicians Stanisław Leśniewski, Jan Łukasiewicz and Tadeusz Czeżowski, the historian of philosophy Władysław Tatarkiewicz, the phenomenologist and aesthetician Roman Ingarden, as well as philosophers close to the Vienna Circle such as Tadeusz Kotarbiński and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz.

Content and Object

In his book "Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen", Twardowski argues for a distinction between content and object in the frame of the theory of intentionality of his teacher Franz Brentano. According to him the mind is divided in two main area’s, acts or mental phenomena and a physical phenomenon. For example an act of presentation is aimed at a presentation. This is what he called ‘intentionality’, aboutness. Every act is about something, but also every presentation goes together with an act of presentation.

But there is a problem for this theory. For it is not clear what the presentation exactly is. Is the presentation something only in the mind? Or is it also in the world as object? Twardowski says that sometimes presentation is used for the object in the world and sometimes for het immanent content of a mental phenomena. [Twardowski, Kazimierz (1894) "Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen - Eine psychologische Untersuchung", Wien (Philosophia Verlag, München-Wien, 1982, p. 4]

Twardowski offers a solution for this problem and proposes to make a distinction between the content of a presentation and the object of a presentation.

In his book Twardowski offers an analogy to make clear how we should think about this distinction. He uses the example of a painting. [Twardowski (1894), p. 13] We say of a landscape that it is painted, but also of a painting that it is painted. In the first case we use the word ‘painting’ in a modifying way (a painted landscape is not a landscape at all), while in the latter case we use the word painting in a qualitative or attributive way. And now Twardowski says, it’s the same with presentations. The content is the painted painting and the object is the painted landscape. So, the content is the present ‘picture’ in your mind, and the object the landscape.

Works

* "Wyobrażenie i pojęcie" (1898)
* "O tzw. prawdach względnych (1900), O psychologii, jej przedmiocie, zadaniach, metodzie, stosunku do innych nauk i jej rozwoju" (1913)
* "Rozprawy i artykuły filozoficzne" (1927)
* "Wybrane pisma filozoficzne" (1965)
* "Wybór pism psychologicznych i pedagogicznych" (1992)
* "Dzienniki" (1997)

* "On the content and object of presentations. A psychological investigation. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1977. Translated and with an introduction by Reinhardt Grossmann
* "Sur les objets intentionnels (1893-1901). Paris: Vrin 1993. French translation of Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen and other texts by Edmund Husserl
* "On actions, products and other topics in philosophy. Edited by Johannes Brandl and Jan Wolenski. Amsterdam: Rodopi 1999. Translated and annotated by Arthur Szylewicz

ee also

* School of Brentano
* Lwów-Warsaw School of logic
* Polish logic
* History of philosophy in Poland
* On Twardowski: Jens Cavallin: Content and Object. Husserl, Twardowski and psychologism. Phaenomenologica 142. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1997

References

External links

* [http://www.fmag.unict.it/~polphil/PolPhil/Tward/TwardEngl.html Polish Philosophy Page: Kazimierz Twardowski]
* [http://www.formalontology.it/twardowskik.htm Psychology and Ontology: Twardowski on the Content and Object of Presentations]
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lvov-warsaw/ Lvov-Warsaw School] , in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy