Radio Luxembourg (English)

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name = Radio Luxembourg

Location of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (shown in red circle), home of the Radio Luxembourg transmitters, illustrating its relationship to listeners on the continent of Europe and within the British Isles
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Radio Luxembourg is a commercial broadcaster in many languages from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. It is nowadays known in most non-English languages as RTL (for Radio Television Luxembourg).

The English-language service of Radio Luxembourg began in 1933 as one of the earliest commercial radio stations broadcasting to Britain. It was an important forerunner of pirate radio and modern commercial radio in the United Kingdom. It was an effective way to advertise products by circumventing British legislation which until 1973 gave the BBC a monopoly of radio broadcasting on UK territory and prohibited all forms of advertising over the domestic radio spectrum. It boasted the most powerful transmitter in the world (1200 kW broadcasting on medium wave); in the late 1930s, and again in the 1950s and 1960s, it captured very large audiences in the British Isles with its programmes of popular entertainment.

Radio Luxembourg's parent company, RTL Group, continue broadcasts to the UK today as the owners of the British TV channel Five.

Preamble

In 1922 the British government awarded a monopoly broadcasting licence to a single British Broadcasting Company, whose shares were owned by British and American electrical companies. Although in theory the BBC could have sold sponsored airtime, it attempted to gain its revenue by selling its own brand of licensed radio receivers manufactured by the member companies of the BBC. This arrangement lasted until 1927, when the broadcasting licence of the original BBC was allowed to expire. The assets of the former commercial company were then sold to a new non-commercial British Broadcasting Corporation, which operated under a UK charter from the Crown.

With no possibility of commercial broadcasting available from inside the UK, a former RAF Captain and British entrepreneur (and from 1935 Conservative Party Member of Parliament) named Leonard F. Plugge set up his own International Broadcasting Company. The IBC began leasing time on transmitters in continental Europe and then reselling it as sponsored English language programming aimed at audiences in Britain and Ireland. Because Plugge successfully demonstrated that State monopolies such as that of the BBC could be broken, other parties became attracted to the idea of creating a new commercial radio station specifically for this purpose.

Formation of Radio Luxembourg

In the Grand Duchy during 1924, Francois Aneu built a 100-watt transmitter to broadcast military music concerts and plays to listeners in Luxembourg. Because the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (see map) is centrally located in western Europe, it was an ideal location for transmitters aimed at reaching audiences in many nations, including the United Kingdom. Aneu became inspired by the activities of Captain Plugge, who was using transmitters licensed in other countries to broadcast English-language radio programmes to Britain and Ireland, where commercial broadcasting had not been licensed by the British government. On May 11, 1929 he brought together a group of mainly French entrepreneurs and formed the Luxembourg Society for Radio Studies ("La Société Luxembourgeoise d'Etudes Radiophoniques") as a pressure group to force the Luxembourg government to issue them a commercial broadcasting licence. [Walter B. Emery, "National and International Systems of Broadcasting", Michigan State University Press, 1969, pp.158-159.] [Mike Leonard, "From International Waters" Forest Press, Heswall, 1996, p.5.]

On December 19, 1929 the government passed a law awarding a monopoly licence to operate a commercial radio broadcasting franchise from the Grand Duchy. On December 29 this licence was awarded to the Society, which in turn created the Luxembourg Broadcasting Company (Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Radiodiffusion) to be identified on the air as Radio Luxembourg. In May 1932 Radio Luxembourg began test transmissions directed at Britain and Ireland. The reaction of the British government was hostile, as the long-wave band used for these tests radiated a signal far superior to anything previously received from outside the country. The British government accused Radio Luxembourg of "pirating" the various wavelengths it was testing. The station had planned to commence regular broadcasts on June 4, 1933, but the complaints caused Radio Luxembourg to keep shifting its wavelength. On January 1, 1934 a new international agreement, the "Lucerne Convention (European Wavelength Plan)" (which the Luxembourg government refused to sign up to), came into effect, and shortly afterwards Radio Luxembourg started a regular schedule of English-language radio transmissions from 8:15 am until midnight on Sundays, and at various times during the rest of the week.

Radio Luxembourg began broadcasting in both the French and English languages via a new 200 kW transmitter on 1304 metres, 230 kcs., in the long-wave band. The English service was leased to Radio Publicity (London) Ltd in the United Kingdom. In December 1933 they transferred 23-year-old Stephen Williams from directing their English language programmes transmitted over Radio Paris to become the first manager of the English language service of Radio Luxembourg.

First commercial era

1933-1939

In the years from 1933 to 1939 the English language service of Radio Luxembourg gained a large audience in the UK and other European countries with sponsored programming aired from noon until midnight on Sundays and at various times during the rest of the week.

Programmes

*These were some of the shows heard in 1935 as listed in the May 3 edition of Radio Pictorial:
**Sundays: 12:00 Noon - Musical Voyage - "with Bobbie Comber and Reginald Purdell and sponsored by Halls Wine."
***12:15 pm - Do-Do Broadcasts - "sponsored medication programme "for asthma suffers"."
***12:30 pm - Golden Hour of Music - "the Irish Concert recorded programme"
***1:00 pm - Zam-Buk Broadcast - "the latest dance music sponsored by a medication "for cuts, burns and bruises."
***1:30 pm - Littlewoods Broadcast - "sponsored by a football pools coupon company in Liverpool."
***2:00 pm - English service ends until 2:30 pm.
***2:30 pm - Vernon's All-Star Variety Concert - "gramophone records presented by a football pools company."
***5:30 pm - League of Ovaltineys - "presented by the makers of Ovaltine." "(The anthem of this children's show was still being celebrated by fan sites in 2007. Another version of the Ovaltineys programming began again after World War II on Radio Luxembourg over its 208 wavelength.)

Presenters

*Stephen Williams - the first station manager, who resumed his duties with the English service when the station resumed commercial English language transmissions after World War II.
*Gerald Carnes
*Charles Maxwell (1936) [Roy Plomley, "Days Seemed Longer: Early Years of a Broadcaster", London, 1980, p.123. ISBN 0 413 39730 0]
*John Bewley ["Radio Pictorial", July 1938.]
*S.P. Ogden-Smith (Chief Announcer in 1938) ["Radio Pictorial", July 1938.]

World War II

1940-1945

On September 21, 1939 the Luxembourg government closed the radio station down to protect the neutrality of the Grand Duchy during World War II. The station and its transmitters were taken over by the invading German forces in 1940, and were used for English-language propaganda broadcasts by William Joyce ("Lord Haw-Haw"). When Allied forces took over Luxembourg in September 1944, the station was transferred to US Army control and used for black propaganda purposes for the remainder of the war (see Radio 1212).

econd commercial era

1946-1953

When the Allied armed forces vacated the Radio Luxembourg premises at the close of World War II, the English-language service attempted to restart transmissions to the United Kingdom as a full-time commercial radio station using the European long-wave band, once more under the management of Stephen Williams.

During the war Geoffrey Everitt served his last few months in Luxembourg and this led to his employment by Stephen Williams on June 21, 1946. Williams soon left the station and Everitt found himself in charge of a small on-air staff of three women and one man. Because of the dearth of advertising available in English, the early morning shows on long wave quickly disappeared and made way for French-language programmes. More contractions followed and this led to cuts in more of the morning, afternoon and evening programming in English.

By the start of the 1950s, sponsorship of the English service had begun to grow once more, and while initially some of the English-language programmes continued via "Radio Luxembourg I" on long wave, a second but less powerful wavelength was opened up as "Radio Luxembourg II" on medium wave. The controversy over the station's broadcasting frequencies had been resolved with the 1948 Copenhagen plan (which this time the Luxembourg government did sign up to), which allocated the country two high-power frequencies, one on long wave and the other on medium wave. Eventually all English programming moved to MW, with LW being dedicated to French programmes, while German, Dutch and other languages used MW during the daytime.

In 1955, Hal Lewis who was better known at Hawaiian radio station KPOA-AM as J. Akuhead Pupule (and later became the morning DJ at KGMB in Honolulu, Hawaii during 1965), offered to buy the morning time from 6 am to 9 am for his own show on 208, but his offer was rejected. The 208 signal could be received satisfactorily in the United Kingdom only after dark, when it was able to strike the ionosphere and bounce back to the British Isles.

It was this second wavelength that eventually became dedicated to English-language programming after 6 pm under the slogan of '"208 - Your station of the stars"', referring to the entertainers heard on the station.

Programmes

*These were some of the shows heard in March 1952 as reported in the 208 programme schedule:
**Sundays: 6:15 pm - Ovaltineys' Concert Party - "a version of the popular show that was originally broadcast before World War II over the original Radio Luxembourg long-wave station.
***9:15 pm - Leslie Welch - "the famous Memory Man.".
***10:45 pm - The Answer Man - "anything you want to know.", (Sundays, Wednesdays, Fridays).
***11.00 PM - Top Twenty - "introduced by Pete Murray".
**Mondays: 7:15 pm - The Adventures of Dan Dare, "Pilot of the future" - "fifteen minutes serial heard Monday to Friday and featuring the [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,258523,00.html voice of] Noel Johnson who also played the part of Dick Barton on BBC radio. This serial began on July 1, 1951 and ran for five years.
**9:30 pm - Perry Mason "serial heard Monday through Friday".
**Tuesdays: 10:55 pm - Soccer of Leicester - "odds announcement".
**Wednesdays: 8:30 pm - The Story of Dr. Kildare- "every Wednesday starring Lew Ayres, produced in Hollywood by MGM".
***11:00 pm - Back to the Bible - "religious broadcast".
**Thursdays: 8:00 pm - Music From the Ballet.
***8:30 pm - Movie Magazine "with Wilfrid Thomas".
***11:00 pm - Old Fashioned Revival Hour - "religion" (Charles E. Fuller.)
**Fridays: 8:00 pm - Scottish Requests "with Peter Madren".
***11:00 pm The Voice of Prophecy - "Adventists' Union religious programme".
**Saturdays: 7:00 pm - Chance of a Lifetime - "quiz programme with Dick Emery".
***10:00 pm - At Two-O-Eight - "dance music with Russ Morgan Orchestra compered by Pete Murray".
***11:00 pm - Bringing Christ to the Nations - "The Lutheran Hour".

Radio Luxembourg also served as a refuge for stars and shows previously heard on the BBC but with whom the BBC had fallen out for one reason or another. Thus, when in 1951 the BBC wanted Vera Lynn, one of its biggest singing stars, to perform more upbeat material than her traditional repertoire, she refused, and signed up to record 42 shows for Luxembourg instead - which, she said, also paid better. Likewise, the comedy series "Much Binding in the Marsh", terminated by the BBC after six years, transferred to Radio Luxembourg for a period in 1950-51 before the BBC relented and revived the show. [George Nobbs, "The Wireless Stars", Norwich, 1972, SBN 903 61900 8]

Presenters

Resident announcers in Luxembourg at different times:
*Stephen Williams - the English service manager before before World War II, resumed his duties when commercial broadcasting began again.
*Ursula Brennan - Patricia Giles - Beatrice Feltes - John De Denghy - record presenters who all left the station with Stephen Williams around 1948.
*Geoffrey Everitt - joined Radio Luxembourg on June 21, 1946 after being demobbed from British Army in Luxembourg. He was hired by Stephen Williams and when Williams returned to the UK, Everitt took over his job. In later years he became the London-based boss of the entire English-language operation.
*Teddy Johnson - joined in May 1948 and he and Everitt ran the English service in Luxembourg by themselves until 1950 due to the lack of advertising income. Then Johnson returned to England to develop his singing career and later returned to join Pete Murray.
*John Drexler - joined after Johnson departed but Drexler left after one month.
*Roger Moffat; Richard Beynon; Warren Mitchell all joined with Drexler and left shortly after Drexler.
*Pete Murray - joined with Drexler, Beynon and Mitchell; remained in Luxembourg until 1956.
*Peter Madren - joined Everitt, Johnson and Murray in May 1951.

1954-1963

Following the merger of the English-language service of Radio Luxembourg I with the new English-language service of Radio Luxembourg II on 208 metres medium wave, the station came to be known as Radio Luxembourg. A British company, Radio Luxembourg (London) Ltd, controlled the programme content and sold the advertising time.

The station sign-on time at dusk varied between summer and winter to allow maximum benefit to be gained from a skywave propagation at night that covered the British Isles, although reception was stronger in northern England. By restricting the service to night-time, the sales representatives were able to sell most of the available airtime both for spot commercials and for sponsored programmes. One spot commercial that became burned into the minds of every Radio Luxembourg listener was for Horace Batchelor's "Infra-Draw Method" of winning money on football pools, turning the previously obscure Bristol suburb of "Keynsham, spelt K-E-Y-N-S-H-A-M" into a household name throughout the country.

Programmes were partly live disc-jockey presentations by the team of "resident announcers" from the studios in Luxembourg City, partly shows pre-recorded in the company's UK studios at 38 Hertford Street, London W1. This was not made clear to listeners, who were allowed to form the incorrect impression that all the presenters were sitting in the Grand Duchy or, alternatively, that they were indeed in London but performing live via a hypothetical landline to Luxembourg -- a landline which in reality the British government was never prepared to permit until well into the 1980s.

A strange conspiracy of silence operated throughout this period between sworn enemies Radio Luxembourg and the BBC, each of which never mentioned the existence of the other, although many famous names appeared on both, often almost simultaneously.

Programmes

During this period, and particularly from about 1960, the station's output came to be much more explicitly targeted at the burgeoning teenage market, with the emphasis increasingly on pop music. Drama productions, comedy, variety and sports programming disappeared altogether. By about 1963, almost the station's entire output was based around the playing of music on discs. This must have greatly reduced its production costs. It also reflected the fact that the mainstream evening audience for middle-aged "family entertainment" had by this time largely migrated to television.

*These were some of the shows heard in December 1956, as listed in the 208 programme schedule for that month:
**Sundays: 6:00 pm - Butlin's Beaver Club - "with Uncle Eric Winstone".
***8:30 pm - Take Your Pick - "with Michael Miles.".
***9:30 pm - This I Believe - "the Edward R. Murrow show presented by [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0058776/ Sir Basil Bartlett] ".
**Mondays: 9:30 pm - Candid Microphone - "starring listeners caught in the act".
***11:15 pm - Frank and Ernest - "religion from Dawn Bible Students Association".
***11:30 pm - The World Tomorrow - "with Herbert W. Armstrong, later heard on Tuesdays as well replacing Oral Roberts".
**Tuesdays: 9:00 pm - Lucky Number - "with Keith Fordyce".
***10:00 pm - The Capitol Show - "Mel Thompson presenting Capitol Records new releases.
**Wednesdays: 8:00 pm - Double Your Money - Hughie Green.
***10:00 pm - Rockin' To Dreamland - "with Keith Fordyce playing the latest British and American hit records.
***11:30 pm - The Hour of Decision - "with Billy Graham".
**Thursdays: 8:30 pm - Lucky Couple - "with David Jacobs recorded on location in the UK".
***9:30 pm - Irish Requests.
***10:45 pm - Italy Sings - "presented by the Italian State Tourist Office".
**Fridays: 10:30 pm - Record Hop - "Benny Lee presents the latest Columbia and Parlophone records".
**Saturdays: 7:00 pm - Amateur Football - "results of the matches played today".
***8:00 pm - Jamboree - "120 minutes of exciting, non-stop, action-packed radio ..."Teenage Jury" and at approximately 9:30: Alan Freed, the remarkable American disc-jockey whose programmes in the States cause excitement to rise to a fever pitch, presents "Rock 'n' roll".
***10.00 PM - Tonight - "Peter Haigh presents news, music and personalities recorded at the Embassy Club in London".
***10:30 pm - Philips' Fanfare -"records from this label presented by Guy Standeven".

Presenters

The following were some of the resident announcers in Luxembourg during this period:
*Barry Alldis - joined the team in 1956, becoming Chief Announcer and staying until 1966, when he left to work for BBC radio. He returned to Luxembourg in 1975 and remained on the staff until his death in 1982.
*Chris Denning
*Colin Hamilton
*Ted King
*Johnny Moran
*Don Moss 1957-60
*Don Wardell (became Chief Announcer after Barry Alldis left in 1966)

The following disc-jockeys recorded shows in the London studios at 38 Hertford Street. Many of these programmes were sponsored by record companies:

(A-Z)

(A): Peter Aldersley - (C): Sam Costa - (D): Alan Dell - (F): Keith Fordyce - Alan Freeman - (G): David Gell - (H): Tony Hall - (J): Jack Jackson - David Jacobs - (M): Brian Matthew - Don Moss - Pete Murray - (O): Ray Orchard - (S): Jimmy Savile - (T): Shaw Taylor - (Y): Jimmy Young - Muriel Young

1964-1967

Until March 1964, Radio Luxembourg had enjoyed its own commercial radio monopoly of English-language programming heard in the UK.

In March 1964 Radio Caroline began daytime commercial radio transmissions to southern England from a ship anchored less than four miles off the coast. In Caroline's primary reception areas, her groundwave signal was strong and unaffected during daylight hours by fading and interference. Following the success of this first offshore station, others soon followed and formed a fleet that ringed the British Isles. These transmissions were eventually extended around the clock and featured many different broadcasting formats, though pop music on discs predominated.

As a result of this competition, Radio Luxembourg gradually abandoned pre-recorded sponsored programmes for a more flexible continuity. Its new format featured mainly spot advertising within record programmes presented live by resident DJs in Luxembourg, some of them recruited from the offshore stations.

In August 1967 British legislation came into effect that forced all but two Caroline stations off the air by shutting off their means to sell commercial advertising in the UK. However, simultaneously with the demise of offshore "pirate radio", the British government instructed the BBC to create its own non-commercial replacement service called Radio 1. While Luxembourg almost had the UK commercial airwaves to itself, it was still restricted to evening and night hours.

Presenters [Peter Alex, "Who's Who in Pop Radio", London, 1966 (British Library: 000047169)]

*Pete Brady
*Tony Brandon
*Paul Burnett
*Dave Cash
*Simon Dee
*Noel Edmonds
*Stuart Grundy
*Tommy Vance

1968-1988

By the middle of 1968 even the two Caroline offshore stations had left the air and, while other attempts were made to restart offshore radio commercial broadcasts aimed at the UK in the early 1970s, Luxembourg did not face commercial competition, only a growing increase in audience share by more BBC services. But in 1973 the BBC radio monopoly was finally ended by new legislation introducing Independent Local Radio, funded by the sale of advertising time.

In 1983 Radio Luxembourg marked its fiftieth anniversary as a station, but the British commercial radio stations kept whittling away the "208" audience and advertising, while a brief replay of competition for audiences began to emerge from off the British coastline with new radio ship transmissions.

Programmes

*These were shows heard in 1982 as reported in the "Radio Luxembourg Research Report" (page 20) of 208 listeners. The Survey was conducted during the last quarter of 1982 by British Market Research Bureau for Radio Luxembourg (London) Ltd. By the time the survey appeared, the programme line-up below had changed in various ways, including the untimely death of Barry Alldis in the middle of the survey:
**Sundays: 7:00 pm - Haunted Studio - "with Stuart and Ollie Henry". 9:00 pm - Star Chart and Top 30 UK Singles - "with Tony Prince.". 11:00 pm - Sunday's Top 20's - "with Barry Alldis and Rob Jones.". 1:00 am - Earthlink - "with Benny Brown."
**Mondays: 7:00 pm - Battle of the Giants; Top 30 Airplay; Top 30 Disco - "with Rob Jones and Benny Brown". 1:00 am - Earthlink - "with Barry Alldis".
**Tuesdays: 7:00 pm - 208 Editorial; Beatle Hour; Daily Mirror Rock and Pop Club; Top 30 UK; Top 30 Albums - "with Rob Jones and Barry Alldis". 9:00 pm - Top 30 UK; Top 30 Albums - "with Benny Brown". 1:00 am - Earthlink - "with Mike Hollis".
**Wednesdays: 7:00 pm - Gold and Games - "with Rob Jones and Benny Brown". 9:00 pm - American Top 30 - "with Bob Stewart". 11:00 pm - Top 30 Easy Listening - "with Benny Brown". 1:00 am - Earthlink - "with Mike Hollis".
**Thursdays: 7:00 pm - The Number Ones; Top of the Pops - "with Bob Stewart and Mike Hollis". 9:00 pm - Top 30 Futurist - "with Rob Jones". 11:00 pm - Discotheque - "with Benny Brown". Midnight - Spotlight On ... - "with Stuart Henry". 1:00 am - Earthlink - "with Stuart and Ollie Henry".
**Fridays: 7:00 pm - The Record Journal - "with Stuart and Ollie Henry". 9:00 pm - Top 30 Disco - "with Tony Prince". 11:00 pm - Top 30 Airplay (repeat) - "with Bob Stewart". 1:00 am - Earthlink - "with Barry Alldis".
**Saturdays: 7:00 pm - Street Heat; Top 30 Rockshow - "with Stuart and Ollie Henry". 11:00 pm - Big L Marlboro Top 20 Country - "with Bob Stewart". Midnight - Midnight Memories - "with Barry Alldis". 1:00 am - Earthlink; Love Songs - "with Mike Hollis".

Some other presenters in the 1970s and 1980s:
*Dave Christian
*Neil Fox
*Peter Powell (disc jockey)
*Tony Prince
*Mike Read
*Emperor Rosko
*Mark Wesley
*Paul Burnett
*David "Kid" Jensen
*Stuart Henry

During the 1980s one of the station's slogans was "Planet earth's biggest commercial radio station".

1989-1992

In 1989, hoping to build a new audience, Luxembourg in English once more returned with a daytime schedule for the first time since the early 1950s, but this time it was aimed at Scandinavian audiences using a 24-hour stereo transponder on the Astra satellite to supplement the 208 analogue night-time service. The end eventually came for 208 at 3 am GMT on January 1, 1992 (or December 30 1991, depending on source), with the last record played on AM being Van Morrison's "In the Days Before Rock and Roll" (chosen mainly because of its mention of Luxy), before "At the End of the Day" (one of their closedown songs) was played heading into the top of the hour (even though DJ Jeff Graham had said that they were going to play the original closedown tune, "It's Time To Say Goodnight" [http://members4.boardhost.com/motland/msg/1172498020.html] ). The station then went satellite only, with the first songs played being "When Will You (Make My Telephone Ring)" by Deacon Blue and "Always" by Atlantic Starr.

The satellite service continued until midnight on December 30 1992. The closedown night was relayed on various stations, including the old 208 frequency. The Van Morrison song was the next-to-last record that night, followed by Neil Sedaka's "This Will Be Our Last Song Together" [http://ukonair.com/forums/archive/index.php?t-3911.html] .

Notable presenters in the 90s:
*Chris Moyles under the "Broadcast Name" Chris Holmes

Legacy from 1992 onwards

Atlantic 252

:"Main article: Atlantic 252"

In 1989, Radio Luxembourg's parent company RTL Group teamed up with RTE to create Atlantic 252, an English-language pop music station on longwave, based in the Republic of Ireland and with advertising content aimed at a UK audience. Initially this only broadcast until 7pm and ended with an announcement specifically encouraging listeners to switch to Radio Luxembourg on 1440khz mediumwave. Atlantic 252 switched to 24-hour broadcasts around the time that Radio Luxembourg shut down it's mediumwave broadcasts. Atlantic 252 closed down in 2002 and the longwave frequency is now used for RTÉ Radio 1.

Radio Luxembourg (digital)

:"Main article: Radio Luxembourg (DRM)"

An English-language classic rock digital station from RTL Group under the name of Radio Luxembourg began in 2005. It was briefly available in the UK using DRM (digital broadcasts over shortwave) but the transmitter power was scaled back, and by 2008 was not receivable outside Luxembourg itself (essentially, a test transmission). The digital station continues broadcasting [http://www.radioluxembourg.co.uk/ over the internet] . Both the station and its website make numerous references to the old 208 service.

Five (television channel)

:"Main article: Five (channel)"

RTL Group, Radio Luxembourg's parent company, was an initial minority shareholder in the UK's Channel Five terrestrial analogue television channel, launched in 1997. RTL became the majority shareholder from 2006 and the channel rebranded simply as Five. Five is one of more than fifty television stations that RTL own throughtout Europe. Unlike RTL's television stations in Belgium, Germany and Holland, most which are explicitly branded as RTL, Five does not significantly acknowledge its Luxembourg heritage on-air.

Background information

Transmitter history

The wavelengths and frequencies used by the English service of Radio Luxembourg changed throughout the years, although "208" was by far the longest-lasting and most famous one.
*Marnach transmitter
*Junglinster Longwave Transmitter
*FM- and TV-mast Hosingen

Radio Luxembourg publications

*Radio Pictorial (magazine) - radio publication pre-World War II that published programme schedules for all the continental stations broadcasting in English
*Radio Parade - radio publication after World War II that published news about Radio Luxembourg in English.
*208 (magazine) - radio programme schedules and features after 1951 until 1959 whose name varied as it was merged with other publications and issued by various publishers.
*Fab 208 (magazine) - radio programme schedules and features publication during the 1960s.

See also: "Radio-Luxembourg, Histoire d'un média privé d'envergure européenne", by David DOMINGUEZ MULLER, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007.

ee also

*Radio Luxembourg (DRM) - the new 2005 service.
*Radio Luxembourg - disambiguation page for other language services.
*Radio Luxembourg (French) - French language station.
*Radio Luxembourg (German) - German language station.
*International Broadcasting Company - IBC created by Leonard Plugge

References

*Details of Radio Luxembourg programming and presenters in English from 1951 until 1958 are drawn from the monthly publications known collectively as 208 magazine with name variations and different publishers.
*The Hal Lewis reference is cited in the 208 programme listings magazine for March, 1955, page 4.
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,258523,00.html The obituary of Noel Johnson] who played the voice parts of "Dan Dare" on Radio Luxembourg and "Dick Barton" on the BBC.
* [http://www.208itwasgreatradioluxembourg.co.uk/ 208 It was Great] , a book by Alan Bailey about his career at Radio Luxembourg from 1958 to 1975.
*Mass Media Moments in the United Kingdom, the USSR and the USA, by Gilder, Eric. - "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu Press, Romania. 2003 ISBN 973-651-596-6 - This work includes a study of European commercial radio from both Luxembourg and offshore.

See also: "Radio-Luxembourg, Histoire d'un média privé d'envergure européenne", by David DOMINGUEZ MULLER, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007

External links

* [http://www.pjede.de/ quirky site with audio clips, some of which work]
* [http://www.radioluxembourg.nl One man's memories of listening to Radio Luxembourg]
* [http://members4.boardhost.com/motland/ A forum for discussing memories of The Late Great 208]
* [http://www.rtl208.de/ The Official RTL 208 Tribute Site] ; good selection of audio clips and jingles plus a large collection of 208 DJ-Images
* [http://radioluxembourg208.ten.lt/ Radio Luxy] : A Lithuanian-based website (with some material in English) featuring a worthwhile selection of audio clips
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/great-208/ A Yahoo! Group devoted to "Luxy" and memories of the same; full access to members only]
* [http://www.radioluxembourg.co.uk/ The current relaunched Digital version of RTL Radio Luxembourg]
* [http://www.transdiffusion.org/rmc/commercial/luxy1.php "Your Station of the Stars"] (article on the "Transdiffusion" website on Radio Luxembourg's cultural impact on 1960s teenagers)
* [http://www.offshoreechos.com/radionormandie/_private/stepheneng.htm 1987 interview with Stephen Williams]