- Needleman-Wunsch algorithm
The Needleman–Wunsch algorithm performs a global alignment on two sequences (called A and B here). It is commonly used in
bioinformatics to alignprotein ornucleotide sequences. The algorithm was published in 1970 bySaul Needleman andChristian Wunsch cite journal | journal=J Mol Biol | volume=48 | issue=3 | pages=443-53 | date=1970 | author=Needleman SB, Wunsch CD. | title=A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins | url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022-2836(70)90057-4 | pmid=5420325 | doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90057-4 ] .The Needleman–Wunsch
algorithm is an example ofdynamic programming , and was the first application of dynamic programming to biological sequence comparison.Scores for aligned characters are specified by a
similarity matrix . Here, S(i, j) is the similarity of characters i and j. It uses a lineargap penalty , here called d.For example, if the similarity matrix was
then the alignment: AGACTAGTTAC CGA---GACGTwith a gap penalty of -5, would have the following score... S(A,C) + S(G,G) + S(A,A) + 3 imes d + S(G,G) + S(T,A) + S(T,C) + S(A,G) + S(C,T) 3 + 7 + 10 - 3 imes 5 + 7 + -4 + 0 + -1 + 0 = 1- A G C T A 10 -1 -3 -4 G -1 7 -5 -3 C -3 -5 9 0 T -4 -3 0 8 To find the alignment with the highest score, a two-dimensional
array (or matrix) is allocated. This matrix is often called the F matrix, and its (i,j)th entry is often denoted F_{ij} There is one column for each character in sequence A, and one row for each character in sequence B. Thus, if we are aligning sequences of sizes n and m, the running time of the algorithm is O(nm) and the amount of memory used is in O(nm). (However, there is a modified version of the algorithm which uses only O(m + n) space, at the cost of a higher running time. This modification is in fact a general technique which applies to many dynamic programming algorithms; this method was introduced inHirschberg's algorithm for solving the longest common subsequence problem.)As the algorithm progresses, the F_{ij} will be assigned to be the optimal score for the alignment of the first i characters in A and the first j characters in B. The principle of optimality is then applied as follows. Basis: F_{0j} = d*j F_{i0} = d*i Recursion, based on the principle of optimality: F_{ij} = max(F_{i-1,j-1} + S(A_i, B_j), F_{i,j-1} + d, F_{i-1,j} + d)
The pseudo-code for the algorithm to compute the F matrix therefore looks like this (the sequence indexes start at 1, the F array starts at 0 to include the boundary values defined above): for i=0 to length(A) F(i,0) <- d*i for j=0 to length(B) F(0,j) <- d*j for i=1 to length(A) for j = 1 to length(B) { Choice1 <- F(i-1,j-1) + S(A(i), B(j)) Choice2 <- F(i-1, j) + d Choice3 <- F(i, j-1) + d F(i,j) <- max(Choice1, Choice2, Choice3) }Once the F matrix is computed, note that the bottom right hand corner of the matrix is the maximum score for any alignments. To compute which alignment actually gives this score, you can start from the bottom right cell, and compare the value with the three possible sources(Choice1, Choice2, and Choice3 above) to see which it came from. If Choice1, then A(i) and B(i) are aligned, if Choice2, then A(i) is aligned with a gap, and if Choice3, then B(i) is aligned with a gap. (In general several choices may have the same value, leading to alternative optimal alignments.) AlignmentA <- "" AlignmentB <- "" i <- length(A) j <- length(B) while (i > 0 AND j > 0) { Score <- F(i,j) ScoreDiag <- F(i - 1, j - 1) ScoreUp <- F(i, j - 1) ScoreLeft <- F(i - 1, j) if (Score = ScoreDiag + S(A(i), B(j))) { AlignmentA <- A(i-1) + AlignmentA AlignmentB <- B(j-1) + AlignmentB i <- i - 1 j <- j - 1 } else if (Score = ScoreLeft + d) { AlignmentA <- A(i-1) + AlignmentA AlignmentB <- "-" + AlignmentB i <- i - 1 } otherwise (Score = ScoreUp + d) { AlignmentA <- "-" + AlignmentA AlignmentB <- B(j-1) + AlignmentB j <- j - 1 } } while (i > 0) { AlignmentA <- A(i-1) + AlignmentA AlignmentB <- "-" + AlignmentB i <- i - 1 } while (j > 0) { AlignmentA <- "-" + AlignmentA AlignmentB <- B(j-1) + AlignmentB j <- j - 1 }
References
External links
* [http://www.bigbold.com/snippets/posts/show/2199 Needleman-Wunsch Algorithm as Ruby Code]
* [http://www25.brinkster.com/denshade/NeedlemanWunsch.java.htm Java Implementation of the Needleman-Wunsch Algorithm]
* [http://baba.sourceforge.net/ B.A.B.A.] — an applet (with source) which visually explains the algorithm.
* [http://www.ludwig.edu.au/course/lectures2005/Likic.pdf A clear explanation of NW and its applications to sequence alignment]ee also
*
Smith-Waterman algorithm
*BLAST
*Levenshtein distance
*Dynamic time warping
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