Edmund Herring

] For his service as a battery commander, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.

Greece

In the campaign in Greece, his Australian, New Zealand and British gunners demonstrated "the extent to which, in such rugged country, artillery, with reliable infantry ahead, could halt and confuse a pursuer" [Long, Gavin, "Greece, Crete and Syria", [http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=18] , p. 196] but they were unable to stop the enemy advance.

Herring was ordered to evacuate from Greece. He was one of between 7,000 and 8,000 troops that gathered at Nafplion on 24 April 1941, although transportation had been arranged for only 5,000. The ship that he was to sail on, the "Ulster Prince" ran aground near the harbour entrance. She was refloated but then ran aground again near the wharf. Despite this, some 6,600 men and women were embarked. [Long, Gavin, "Greece, Crete and Syria", [http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=18] , p. 161] Herring and fellow Brigadier Clive Steele were among 5,100 that managed to get a lift to Crete on the Royal Navy transport "HMS Glenearn". From there they flew back to Alexandria. [Sayers, "Ned Herring", pp. 178-179] Others were embarked by HMS "Phoebe", HMS "Hyacinth", HMAS "Stuart", and HMAS "Voyager", which embarked 150 Australian and New Zealand nurses. [Long, Gavin, "Greece, Crete and Syria", [http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=18] , p. 161] For his service in Libya and Greece, Herring was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). [LondonGazette|issue=35209|supp=yes|startpage=3882|date=4 July 1941|accessdate=2007-10-31]

Defence of Australia

Herring was promoted to the temporary rank of Major General on 14 August 1941 when he took over command of the 6th Division. He returned to Australia with it in March 1942. Unaware that the government had already decided that Blamey should be appointed Commander in Chief, Herring, along with Major General George Vasey and Brigadier Clive Steele, approached Army Minister Frank Forde with a proposal that all officers over the age of 50 be immediately retired and Major General Horace Robertson appointed Commander in Chief. The 'revolt of the generals' collapsed with the announcement that General Blamey was returning from the Middle East to become Commander in Chief and seems to have done the participants no harm. [Sayers, "Ned Herring", pp. 195-199]

In Blamey's reorganisation of the Army in April 1942, Herring was given command of Northern Territory Force. At this time Darwin was being subjected to enemy air raids and this was an operational command. As supply by sea and air was impractical, Herring developed a land line of communications running across the Outback from Alice Springs. [Sayers, "Ned Herring", pp. 200-204]

On 14 August 1942, Herring was ordered to Esk, Queensland where assumed command of II Corps with the temporary rank of Lieutenant General. As such, he was responsible for the defence of Brisbane. At this time he was attacked in Parliament by Arthur Calwell for allegedly issuing a verbal order while he was commander of the 6th Division that no one was to be commissioned as an officer without having attained at least an Intermediate Certificate (ie had graduated from Year 10). There was no evidence that such an order was ever issued, but the allegation reflected a suspicion that Herring was an elitist. [Sayers, "Ned Herring", pp. 214-216]

Papua

In the wake of the dismissal of Lieutenant General Sidney Rowell for insubordination, Blamey ordered Herring to join him in Port Moresby as the new commander of I Corps. Before departing, Herring met with General Douglas MacArthur, who emphasised that the first duty of a soldier was obedience to his superiors. [Sayers, "Ned Herring", p. 219]

As at Darwin, Herring's primary difficulty was logistics. The troops on the Kokoda Track had to be supplied from Port Moresby either by air or by Papuan native carriers who lugged stores over the track on their backs. MacArthur created the Combined Operation Service Command (COSC), an unusual combined Australian-American logistical organisation, under Brigadier General Dwight Johns, who in turn was answerable to Herring. Herring backed a plan to take American engineers off working on the airstrips in order to develop the port by building a causeway to Tatana Island, the successful completion of which doubled the port's capacity and was the logistical turning point of the campaign. [Johns, "We Are Doing What We Can With What We Have", pp. 14-15]

More controversial was Herring's relief of Brigadier Arnold Potts and Blamey's of Major General Arthur Samuel Allen at Herring's urging. Herring acknowledged that the two men had faced a difficult task but felt that they were tired and that Brigadier Ivan Dougherty and Major General George Alan Vasey could do better. Supporters of Allen, who left school at age 14, saw this as the action of an autocratic elitist who "ran his staff as he had controlled junior counsel in his barrister's chamber; they did his bidding, his way, or were forthwith dispensed with". [Braga, "Kokoda Commander", pp. 8, 275-276 ]

In a letter to Herring in 1959, General Robert L. Eichelberger (who had himself relieved a couple of division commanders) had this to say about the matter:cquote|It is a funny thing about war historians. If a general dismisses a subordinate at any time he is immediately attacked; whereas in our football game, if you have a better player for a particular place, you always play him, and everybody expects you to do this. I have little doubt that the same is true of your ball game. War historians never seem to give generals credit for having thought that X might be better than Y for the next phase of operations. [Letter, Eichelberger to Herring, 27 November 1959, Herring Papers, State Library of Victoria MSS11355]

In November, Herring flew across the mountains to take control of the fighting around Buna, leaving Blamey to control operations elsewhere in New Guinea. Herring struggled to amass enough troops, equipment and supplies to allow Australian troops under Vasey and Americans under Eichelberger fought it out with the Japanese and capture the area.

New Guinea

Following the victory at Buna, for which Herring and Eichelberger were created Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Blamey ordered him to return to Australia for a rest. While in Melbourne, Herring had an attack of malaria, but recovered to resume command in New Guinea in May. Blamey charged him with responsibility for the first phase of the plan, the capture of Lae. He would command I Corps, which would be part of New Guinea Force, under Blamey and later Mackay. Blamey intended to have Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead command the second phase of the operation. [Sayers, "Ned Herring", pp. 247-251]

At this time operations were in train to drive the enemy back to Salamaua. Once again, the difficulties of supplying the attacking force were formidable. Out of sensitivity towards the sensibilities of the Americans, Herring left the command arrangements between Major General Stanley Savige's 3rd Division and units of the American 41st Infantry Division ambiguous. This backfired, producing acrimony between the Australian and American commanders. Herring prepared to fire Savige but an investigation by Major General Frank Berryman determined that it was not Savige's fault. [Keating, "The Right Man for the Right Job", pp. 123-125]

The new offensive, which opened on 5 September 1943 with the 7th Division's landing at Nadzab by air and 9th Division's landing at Lae from the ships of Rear Admiral Daniel E. Barbey's VII Amphibious Force, saw the rapid capture of Lae. While the 7th Division moved up the Markham and Ramu Valleys, the 9th Division made another landing at Scarlet Beach near Finschhafen. The timing of the landing was contentious, with Barbey, who feared air attack, wanting to land at night while Herring held out for a dawn landing, threatening to take the issue to General MacArthur. Eventually Berryman managed to persuade Herring to accept a compromise H-hour in the darkness before dawn. The US Naval Historian Samuel Eliot Morison noted:cquote|The Australians proved to be right; "Uncle Dan's" outfit was not prepared for a neat night landing. The usual SNAFU developed. [Morison, "Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier", p. 270] But Berryman saw Herring as being uncooperative, and his intransigence as a sign of battle weariness. [Extracts from Berryman Diary, 20 September 1943, AWM93 50/2/23/331]

In the subsequent battle of Finschhafen, it soon became clear that the strength of the Japanese forces there had been seriously underestimated, and the 9th Division needed to be resupplied and reinforced, and its casualties evacuated. Herring strove to get the necessary amphibious lift from the navy but the commander of the United States Seventh Fleet, Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender was reluctant to expose his ships, in view of the Japanese air threat. The matter went up the chain of command to Mackay, to Blamey, and ultimately to Macarthur, who could do little, given that he had no real authority over the US Navy. [Coates, "Bravery Above Blunder", pp. 136-143]

Fortunately, Carpender was not inflexible, and reached a compromise with Mackay to transport a battalion to Finschhafen in high speed transports (APDs). Herring was in Dobodura, lunching with Lieutenant General Brehon B. Somervell, when he heard this news. He decided to fly to Milne Bay to discuss the matter of resupply in general with Admiral Daniel E. Barbey. On 28 September, Herring, along with his BGS, Brigadier R. B. Sutherland, and his DA&QMG, Brigadier R. Bierwirth, boarded a US Fifth Air Force B-25 Mitchell bomber at Dobodura. As the plane was about to take off, the undercarriage collapsed and the plane ploughed into the Marston Mat runway. A propeller shattered, splinters ripped through the fuselage into the cabin and Sutherland, who was sitting in the navigator’s compartment next to Herring, was struck by a flying fragment, killing him instantly. The crew, Herring and Bierwirth escaped shaken but unscathed. The trip to Milne Bay was cancelled. Brigadier Sutherland was buried will full military honours at Soputa the next day, with a fly past by B-25 Mitchell bombers. When next he flew, Herring once again took a Mitchell bomber and made a point of requesting the major who had been in charge of the crashed plane to be his pilot. [Sayers, "Ned Herring", pp. 274-276]

Mackay became convinced that Herring was becoming increasingly difficult to work with as a result of stress and fatigue and asked Blamey for permission to relieve him. Blamey's response was characteristic: Morshead would be on the next plane. [Gavin Long interview with Lieutenant General F. H. Berryman, 11 September 1956, AWM93 50/2/23/331] Yet Blamey retained faith in Herring, who retained command of I Corps on the Atherton Tableland. Herring trained his men for the next operation. He created the 1st Beach Group and developed tactics and doctrine for amphibious operations based on his experience in the New Guinea Campaign and reports from the Allied invasion of Sicily.

Chief Justiceship and later life

As it turned out, Herring had fought his last battle. On 2 February 1944, the Victorian government decided to appoint him as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria. Blamey advised that Prime Minister that:cquote|General Herring is prepared to accept the appointment and I recommend he be released from the Army. He has had two serious attacks of Malaria. I am afraid that in view of his age, further tropical service may seriously injure his health and that the command may suffer as a result. He has rendered excellent service over four years, mainly on active service in the field. [Blamey to Curtin, 2 February 1944, NAA (ACT) A2684/3 1392]

It was not quite the end of his military service. Herring was recalled to duty for a year as Director General of Recruiting in August 1950 when the Korean War spurred efforts to build up the Army again. [Sayers, "Ned Herring", p. 304] In January 1953, Herring was selected as leader of the Australian Services Contingent for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. This saw Australian soldiers as the Queen's Guard at Buckingham Palace on 26 May 1953, with Herring personally taking part in the procession. On 10 July, he was made a Knight of the Order of St John at Buckingham Palace. At the same time, Mary was made a commander of the same order for her charity work. [Sayers, "Ned Herring", pp. 320-327] [LondonGazette|issue=39898|startpage=3540|date=26 June 1953|accessdate=2008-02-25]

Herring maintained connections with his comrades from both World Wars. On the way back from the coronation, the Herrings stayed with the Eichelbergers in Asheville, North Carolina. The two generals remained close friends, exchanging regular letters until the latter's death in 1961. In 1962, Herring visited Richard O'Connor at his home in Ross. In 1967 and 1971, the Herrings again travelled to America where they were guests of Dwight Johns and his wife. In 1973, he visited Washington, DC for the annual reunion of MacArthur's staff, and resolved that the next reunion should be held in Australia. He obtained government backing for his idea, and arranged for more than twenty former American generals and their wives to visit Australia in 1974, with commemorative functions being held in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. Herring steadfastly believed that MacArthur, like Blamey, was a great commander who was not fully appreciated in his own country. [Sayers, "Ned Herring", pp. 338-340, 345, 347]

Herring's twenty years as Chief Justice was a period of significant change and growth in the administration of the law. During his period of office the number of judges on the Court increased from six to fourteen, reflecting the growth in business. Herring earned a reputation as a fine judge and able administrator. He set up the Chief Justice's Law Reform Committee to try to ensure justice in Victoria's courts was abreast of the times, and a committee for religious observances and services to mark the opening of the legal year. Sir Edmund retired as Chief Justice in 1964 but stayed on as Lieutenant Governor until his 80th birthday in 1972, serving in the position for a record 27 years.Innes, Prue, " [http://home.vicnet.net.au/~herring/edmund.htm A full Life of Service in Khaki and Silk] ", The Age (Melbourne), 6 January 1982] For his service as Lieutenant Governor, Herring was made a Knight Commander Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the king's Birthday Honours of 9 June 1949. [LondonGazette|issue=38628|supp=yes|startpage=2796|date=3 June 1949|accessdate=2008-02-25] [ [http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1082560&search_type=quick&showInd=true It's an honour] ]

In a speech given on the occasion of his retiring as Chief Justice of Victoria, Sir Edmund Herring said:

While opening the Victorian Returned Services League Conference shortly before his retirement as Lieutenant Governor, Herring criticised anti-war protesters and praised Australian soldiers who had served in the Vietnam War. "People who throw stones at Americans," he said, "should stop and think where we would have been in 1942 without the Americans." Such remarks earned him a rebuke from the then acting State Opposition Leader, Mr Frank Wilkes, as "untactful" for a representative of the Crown.

Herring again became the subject of controversy in 1978 when it was revealed that during World War II he had confirmed death sentences on twenty two Papuans convicted of handing over seven Anglican missionaries to the Japanese. They had been convicted of offences including murder and treason, and were treated fairly under the conventions and circumstances applicable in wartime. "I have a clear conscience about it" he said. The seven missionaries had all been murdered by the Japanese. Four of them were women who had been raped as well. The culprits had also handed over to the Japanese for execution two planters, half a dozen Australian soldiers, and two American airmen, and they had murdered Australian soldiers of the 39th Infantry Battalion near Kokoda. The Papuans were handed over to ANGAU, which had carried out the executions. [Sayers, "Ned Herring", pp. 232-233]

Herring was president of the Boy Scouts' Association of Victoria for 23 years, and was later the first president of the Australian Boy Scouts' Association from 1959 to 1977. He was chairman of trustees of the Shrine of Remembrance from 1945 to 1978 and remained a trustee until his death, and chairman of trustees of the Australian War Memorial from 1959 to 1974. He was made a fellow of New College, Oxford in 1949, received an honorary DCL from Oxford in 1953, made an honorary bencher of the Inner Temple in 1963 and received an honorary LLD from Monash University in 1973. [Sayers, "Ned Herring", pp. 320, 334, 345] He was also active in the Anglican Church, and for many years was chancellor of the diocese of Melbourne, the highest church office that could be held by a layman.

Sir Edmund died at Camberwell, Victoria nursing home on 5 January 1982. He was given a state funeral at St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne, planned by Mary, who had died three months before. [Hilton, "Dr. Mary", p. 88]

Herring Island (Victoria) is named after him. His wartime portraits are in the Australian War Memorial, which featured him as one of Fifty Australians. His papers are in the State Library of Victoria.

Awards and decorations

References

ources

* Braga, Stuart, "Kokoda Commander: The Life of Major-General ‘Tubby’ Allen" ISBN 0195516389
* Coates, John, "Bravery Above Blunder: The 9th Australian Division at Finschhafen, Sattelberg and Sio" ISBN 0195508378
* Hilton, Della, "Dr. Mary: the story of Dame Mary Herring" ISBN 0731671368
* Innes, Prue, " [http://home.vicnet.net.au/~herring/edmund.htm A full Life of Service in Khaki and Silk] ", The Age (Melbourne), 6 January 1982
* Johns, Dwight F., "We Are Doing What We Can With What We Have", "Military Review", Vol. XXV No. 1, April 1945
* Keating, Gavin, "The Right Man for the Right Job: Lieutenant General Sir Stanley Savige as a Military Commander" ISBN 0195553322
* Morison, Samuel Eliot, "Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier" ISBN 0785813071
* Sayers, Stuart, "Ned Herring: A Life of Lieutenant-General the Honorable Sir Edmund Herring KCMG, KBE, MC, ED. K st J, MA, DCL", ISBN 0908090250
*Wilmot, Chester, "Tobruk, 1941 : Capture, Siege, Relief"
* "The Honourable Sir Edmund Francis Herring, KCMG, KBE, DSO, MC, ED" 1982 Victorian Reports, pp ix-x.

External links

* [http://www.awm.gov.au/people/8154.asp Herring Biography at the Australian War Memorial]
* [http://www.awm.gov.au/fiftyaustralians/index.asp Fifty Australians]
* [http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au Supreme Court of Victoria Website]

Persondata
NAME=Herring, Sir Edmund Francis
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=Australian Army general during World War II and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria
DATE OF BIRTH=2 September 1892
PLACE OF BIRTH=Maryborough, Victoria
DATE OF DEATH=5 January 1982
PLACE OF DEATH=Camberwell, Victoria