C.W.W. Kannangara

Crestoper William Wijeyekoon Kannangara (October 13 1884 - September 23, 1956) was a Sri Lankan lawyer and politician. Rising up the ranks of Sri Lanka's movement for independence in the early part of the 20th century, he became the first Minister of Education of Sri Lanka, and was instrumental in introducing extensive reforms to the country's education system that opened up education to children from all levels of society.

Born in rural town in southern Sri Lanka, his academic prowess enabled him to win a scholarship to Richmond College, Galle, a prestigious national school at the time. Initially working as a lawyer after leaving school, he entered politics as the movement for independence was gathering strength in Sri Lanka. Kannangara was first elected to the Ceylon Legislative Council in 1923 and then to the State Council. He also served as the President of the Ceylon National Congress.

As Minister of Education in the State Council, Kannangara introduced extensive reforms to the education system of Sri Lanka throughout the 1940s. They befitted thousands of underprivileged students in rural parts of the country by making education free for all students. He also began a central schools scheme, which established high quality secondary schools in rural areas of the country. Kannangara's significant achievements in areas of education have led him to being commonly referred to as the "Father of Free Education in Sri Lanka". [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED494337&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&accno=ED494337 Context of Educational Reforms Then and Now] , "Dr. Mohottige Upali Sedere", Educational Resource and Information Center]

Early life

Christopher William Wijekoon Kannangara was born on October 13 1884, in Randombe, a rural village between Balapitiya and Ambalangoda in the south of Sri Lanka.cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=The great reformer of education | date=2006-10-08 | publisher=The Sunday Times | url =http://www.sundaytimes.lk/061008/FunDay/heritage.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2007-10-07 | language = ] The son of John Daniel Wijekoon Kannangara, the Deputy Fiscal Officer in the Balapitiya Courts, and Emily Wijesinghe, he had his primary education at the Wesleyan Missionary School in Randombe.cite news | first=Walter | last=Wijenayaka | title=C.W.W. Kannangara: Father of free education | date=2003-09-24 | publisher=The Daily News | url =http://www.dailynews.lk/2003/09/24/fea09.html | accessdate = 2007-10-08]

Kannangara showed great educational promise as a child, and his achievements were recognized by Rev. J.H Darrel, the Principle of Richmond College, Galle who was the chief guest at a prize giving of the Wesleyan Missionary School. After noticing that Kannangara won most of the available prizes, he is said to have remarked “"Son, you may have to hire a bullock cart to take home the books you collected at this prize giving."”cite news | first=Premasara | last=Epasinghe | coauthors= | title=Father of free education in Ceylon | date=2006-09-06 | publisher=The Daily Mirror | url =http://www.dailymirror.lk/2006/09/20/feat/03.asp | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2007-10-07 | language = ] Darrel also gave Kannangara a chance to sit for a Richmond College Foundation scholarship exam. Excelling in Mathematics in the exam, he won the scholarship, receiving an award for free and lodging at Richmond College. There he received the education of an elite school of the times, instruction far superior to that offered at his rural school.

Kannangara was regarded as an excellent all-round student at Richmond, leading the Ceylon and British Empire list in Mathematics at the Cambridge Senior Examination in 1903. He also captained Richmond College in first eleven cricket in 1903, and was a member of the school soccer team the same year, winning colors for his performances. He was also regarded as a fine debater and actor. After leaving school, he taught Mathematics first at Richmond College and then Prince of Wales College, Moratuwa and Wesley College, Colombo. While teaching he studied law, passing out as an Attorney at law in 1910. He set up his first law practice in Galle the same year.

He married Edith Weerasuriya in 1922.

tate council

Kannangara joined Anagarika Dharmapala's historically significant Temperance movement, and worked actively with its leaders, including Sir D.B. Jayatilleke, D.S. Senanayake, F.R. Senanayake and Arthur V. Dias. He rose to national prominence as a lawyer defending leaders of the Sri Lankan independence movement and others who were persecuted by the colonial British administration during the period of martial law which following the Riots of 1915. This also drew him into national politics, and 1923 he entered the national Legislative Council, winning a bye-election on April 13, 1923 for a seat in the Galle District made vacant by the demise of O.C. Tillekaratne by 1969 votes to 115. He was reelected the following year polling 4,177 votes, oppesed to 2310 for his nearest opponent.cite news | first=Rohan L. | last=Jayetilleke | title=How C W W Kannangara resisted the Bastions of Reaction | date=2004-10-15 | publisher=The Daily News | url =http://www.dailynews.lk/2004/10/15/fea01.html | accessdate = 2007-10-09] Following the recommendations of the Donoughmore Commission, the State Council was established in 1931, succeeding the Legislative Council as the national legislature. Kannangara was elected to the State Council in 1931 and again in 1936. He also became the President of the Ceylon National Congress in 1931.

For the first time the State Council, which had its members elected via universal suffrage, compromised of Executive Committees and Ministers. cite web|url=http://www.moe.gov.lk/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=2 |title=Historical Overview of Education in Sri Lanka |accessdate=2007-10-07 |publisher=Ministry of Education, Sri Lanka] Kannangara was appointed as the first chairman of the Executive Committee of Education in the State Council and thus became the first Minister of Education of Sri Lanka in 1931. Apart from Kannangara, the Executive Committee of Education consisted of H.W. Amarasuriya, W.T.B. Karaliyadda, A.Ratnayake G.R. De Zoysa, P.E. Madawela and Dr. S.A. Wickramasinghe. He is also notable for being the first minister to wear the National costume in the State Council.

Education reforms

When the State Council passed the Education Ordinance of 1939, it enabled the Executive Committee of Education to exercise its powers to create new regulations paving the way for the establishment of a new system of education in Sri Lanka. The new system was expected to ensure that education was provided with equal opportunities for all children in the country, irrespective of social class, economic condition, religion and ethnic origin. In 1942 a special committee was appointed with Kannangara as chairman to report on the status of education in the country. Among the recommendations for providing “lasting value to the nation” given in the report, which was published in 1943, were that

*Education should be free from the Kindergarten to the University.
*The mother tongue should be used as the medium of instruction in the Primary Schools.
*English should be taught in all schools from standard III.
*A curriculum for the child which would develop its "head, heart and hands" should be introduced. In other words, the education of the emotions is as necessary as the education of intellect and practical ability for the well-being of the child.

As Minister of Education Kannagara was placed in charge of implementing the recommendations. Among the reforms he introduced, which came into operation on October 1, 1945, were to make education free of charge for all students, to ensure that every student was provided with instruction in the religion of his/her parents, to prevent teachers from been exploited by managers of schools by having their wages paid directly by the government and to make adequate provisions for adult education in the country.

He also established a series of central schools ("Madhya Maha Vidhyala"), modeled on Royal College, Colombo, in locations outside major cities. These took high quality secondary education to the rural outstations of the country. His objective was to create a central school in every electorate in the country, and as such, while in 1941 there were three central schools in the country; by 1945 the number had increased to 35, and to 50 by 1950. In 1943 Kannangara also launched an annual scholarship program, which provided the opportunity for the 20 best performers of the scholarship exam to get free board and lodging in Central School hostels.

During his 16 year period as Minister of Education, he also upgraded ancient pirivenas, educational establishments for Buddhist monks, and established the University of Ceylon, the first University in Sri Lanka. Further, Kannangara took steps to abolished the two tier school system, where English was taught to privileged students and the vernacular language was taught to the rural masses. While he laid emphasis on teaching "Swabasha" (native languages) in schools, he also advised that students should learn English to compete in the modern world.

Opposition

Kannangara however faced significant opposition to his move to establish free education in the country, especially from socially and economically privileged groups who has enjoyed the significant advantages offered to them by the British. Significantly, this included a number of C.W.W Kannangara’s political colleges, including D.S. Senanayake, the first Prime Minister of Sri Lanka.D.S. Senanayake was ardently opposed to Kannangara's educational reforms, especially that proposal to abolish school fees in the elite "denominational schools". It was notable that the bill was taken up for vote in the State Council at a time when Senanayake was out of the country - De Silva, K. M. 1981. "A history of Sri Lanka". London: C. Hurst. p.472-474] Kannangara spoke for six and a half hours to convince other members of the council to vote for the bill, and was supported in his efforts by Dudley Senanayake, A. Ratnayake, J. R. Jayewardene, Sir Oliver Goonetilleke and Dr. N. M. Perera. There was also a public campaign launched by Dr. E. W. Adikaram, Dr. G. P. Malalasekera and Mr. L. H. Metthananda to support the bill, which was eventually passed in the State Council in July 1945.

Later life

In appreciation of his services rendered to education, Kannangara was conferred an honorary doctorate by the University of Ceylon, at its first ever convocation in 1946.

His achievements in parliament in the filed of Education did not however transfer to popularity among the people of his electorate, and he lost his seat in parliament in the General Elections of 1947. Ironically he was defeated in the poll for the Matugama electorate by Wilmot A Perera, the founder of the popular local school Sri Palee College.

Kannangara was then appointed Ambassador to Indonesia, a post in which he served from 1950 to 1952. He returned to politics again, and was elected to parliament from the Agalawatta Electorate in 1952, defeating S.A. Silva. He was appointed Minister of Housing and Local Government in the new cabinet. He was likely denied the position of Cabinet Minister of Education as some leading figures in the government did not wish to give him the oppotunity to carry forward further reforms to the education system.

C.W.W. Kannangara retired from active politics in 1956, and passed away on September 23, 1969.There are number of instituitions named after him in Sri Lanka. [ [http://www.gateway.lk/cww.asp Gateway contributes to rebuilding C.W.W Kannangara school] ]

ee also

*Education in Sri Lanka
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Non_Career_Diplomats Sri Lankan Non Career Diplomats]
*University Grants Commission (Sri Lanka)

References

External links

* [http://www.moe.gov.lk/ Ministry of Education, Sri Lanka]
* [http://www.mysrilanka.com/travel/lanka/people/50_greatest.htm LMDs 50 greatest Sri Lankans since independence]
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/menik/2130963267/in/set-72157606106272873/ Ambassador to Indonesia]
* [http://www.divaina.com/2008/09/22/mano07.html Methek Kathawa Divaina]