Screaming (music)

Screaming is a form of vocalization, most commonly heard in sub-genres of heavy metal and hardcore punk, though screamed vocals also feature in music genres such as alternative rock, and more experimental genres such as noise music.

Types of screaming

Modern art music

Some composers have employed screaming in avant garde works in the twentieth century, typically in the post-World War II era, as composers began to explore more experimental compositional techniques and nonstandard use of musical instruments (including the voice). Composers who have used shouting or screaming in their works include Luciano Berio, George Crumb, and Karlheinz Stockhausen. While this usage precedes the more common use of screaming in some genres of rock music, there is little to no historical relationship between the usage of the technique in art music and in rock. The use of screaming and hoarse vocals in choral and orchestral works continues today in some productions such as film scores; mainstream examples include some works by Don Davis and Wojciech Kilar.

Punk rock

Yelling and shouting vocals are common in punk rock and hardcore. Early punk was distinguished by a general tendency to eschew traditional singing techniques in favor of a more direct, harsh style which accentuated meaning rather than beauty. [Dave Laing, "One Chord Wonders:Power and Meaning in Punk Rock". Open University Press, 1985, p. 54.] The logical extension of this aesthetic is shouting or screaming, and in hardcore, vocals are usually shouted in a frenetic manner similar to rapping or football chants, often accompanied by "gang shouts" [cite web|url=http://mouthforwar.net/index.php/2006/04/demiricous-one-hellbound/|title=Demiricous "One (Hellbound)" review|accessdate=2007-04-29|publisher=MouthForWar.net] [cite web|url=http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review_5320|title=Aiden "Our Gangs Dark Oath" review|accessdate=2007-04-29|author=Tacos|date=February 17, 2006|publisher=Sputnikmusic] in which a group of people shout along with the vocalist (this style is very common in punk rock, most prominently Oi! and streetpunk). [Brian Cogan, "Oi!". "Encyclopedia of Punk Music and Culture". Greenwood Press, 2006, p. 146.]

Many female vocalists in the punk style, and other progressive forms of popular music, have credited Yoko Ono as an influence for her use of screaming vocals in avant-garde recordings of the seventies. Other artists who have explored screaming as a way of stretching the potential of the female voice include Diamanda Galás, Nina Hagen, the B-52's, Kate Bush, and Lene Lovich.

Heavy metal

While occasional screaming has been used for effect in heavy metal since at least Led Zeppelin, screaming as a normal method of lyrical delivery first came to prominence in heavy metal as part of the thrash metal explosion of the 1980s.Walser, Robert. "Running with the Devil:Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music". Wesleyan University Press, 1993, p. 14.] Thrash metal was influenced both by heavy metal and by hardcore punk, the latter of which often incorporated shouted or screamed vocals. Musicologist Robert Walser notes, "The punk influence shows up in the music's fast tempos and frenetic aggressiveness and in critical or sarcastic lyrics delivered in a menacing growl." It should however be noted that the vocal delivery of thrash metal is incredibly diverse; some bands such as Anthrax use much cleaner vocals, early Metallica uses very hardcore punk influenced vocals while other bands such as Slayer use more "evil" screams and shrieks, bearing little resemblance to hardcore punk.

Screaming in some subgenres of heavy metal music is typically demanding and guttural. The Cookie Monster-like [cite web|url=http://opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110007902|title=That's Good Enough for Me|accessdate=2007-04-29|author=Fusilli, Jim|date=Wednesday, February 1, 2006|publisher=The Wall Street Journal] [cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:hpfoxq8sldje|title=Comeback Kid "Wake the Dead" review|accessdate=2007-04-29|author=Anderson, Rick|publisher=Allmusic] death growl is common in death metal. Separate forms of extreme metal vocalization can be found in black metal with a higher-pitched shriek, and brutal death metal and deathcore with either a "pig squeal" vocalization or a high pitched shriek similar to, but less throat-oriented than, black metal vocals.

Death metal, in particular, is associated with growled vocals. Death metal, which tends to be darker and more morbid than thrash metal, features vocals that attempt to evoke chaos and misery by being "usually very deep, guttural, and unintelligible." [David Konow, "Bang Your Head:The Rise and Fall of Heavy Metal". Three Rivers Press, 2002, p.228.] Natalie Purcell notes, "Although the vast majority of death metal bands use very low, beast-like, almost indiscernible growls as vocals, many also have high and screechy or operatic vocals, or simply deep and forcefully sung vocals."Purcell, Natalie J. "Death Metal Music:The Passion and Politics of a Subculture". McFarland, 2003, p. 11.] Musicologist Deena Weinstein has noted of death metal, "Vocalists in this style have a distinctive sound, growling and snarling rather than singing the words. Making ample use of the voice distortion box, they sound as if they had gargled with hydrochloric acid." [Winstein, Deena. "Heavy Metal: A Cultural Sociology." MacMillan, 1991, p. 51.] Others, whether intentionally or not, can bring to mind a dog's bark.

The progressively more forceful enunciation of metal vocals has been noted, from heavy metal to thrash metal to grindcore. cquote|To appreciate the music, fans first had to accept a merciless sonic signature: guttural vocals that were little more than a menacing, sub-audible growl. James Hetfield's thrash metal rasp was harsh in contrast to Rob Halford's heavy metal high notes, but creatures like Glen Benton of Deicide tore out their larynxes to summon images of decaying corpses and giant catastrophic horrors. [Ian Christe, "Sound of the Beast:The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal". HarperCollins, 2003, p.239.]

Post-hardcore

Post-hardcore music is imbued with a vulnerable, emotional tone. Early emo vocals (such as in Rites of Spring and Embrace) featured screamed vocals that were more or less similar to that of '80s hardcore punk and anarcho-punk. In contemporary genres, screams are more accessible; one very common technique is that of metalcore and later hardcore punk subgenres, shouting in a distressed, raspy manner. Howard Jones of Killswitch Engage and George Pettit of Alexisonfire are examples of this; the former screaming in a husky tone and the latter using a higher yell. Some bands such as Dance Gavin Dance scream in a much deeper harsh-sounding tone, while Jeremy Mckinnon of A Day to Remember goes a step further, employing death growls.

As post-hardcore moved into the mainstream in the early 2000s, the amount of screaming in any given song or album could vary widely from band to band, with some bands eschewing the technique altogether or using it very infrequently, often at climaxes of songs. Emery, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Matchbook Romance, and Story of the Year are examples of bands achieving widespread success who only occasionally made use of screaming. Some post-hardcore bands such as A Skylit Drive, Chiodos and Alesana utilize low growls.

creamo

There are bands who play screamo in the vein of bands that were around in the early to mid nineties, such as Funeral Diner, Saetia, Orchid and City of Caterpillar. These bands use a more intense, high-pitched scream, and usually have screaming for a whole song.

Nu metal

Nu metal sometimes employs screaming. It also includes shouting and rapping as well as various other styles of vocals. Jonathan Davis screams in most of Korn's earlier songs. Limp Bizkit singer Fred Durst screams and raps in most of Limp Bizkit's songs, especially in their first album. In some Disturbed songs, David Draiman screams. Linkin Park's singer, Chester Bennington screams in some of the songs on their records, on their latest record Minutes to Midnight he screams for 16 seconds. The rapcore band (Hed) P.E singer Jahred Shane screams in a very "growlish" style.

Many other nu metal bands employ a stronger use of screaming in their music as well as more concrete metal influences (Often Groove metal and Industrial metal) bands such as Spineshank, Ill Nino, Mudvayne and recently Static-X.

Breeing

Breeing (Or Pig Squealing) is a vocal technique mostly used in metal, grindcore and hardcore genres of music where the vocalist simulates a pig in order to create high and low pitched noises.

This is achieved by singing "Bree" or "Quee" with guttural techniques.

Bands known to use this technique include Cephalic Carnage and Job for a Cowboy.

Other genres

Some songs by Pink Floyd have a piercing scream by Roger Waters, such as Careful With That Axe, Eugene and Run Like Hell. Even the Beatles can be heard screaming on their classic "White Album" on tracks like "Helter Skelter".

James Brown's vocal shouts would also fall within this type of singing style.

Certain popular bands not typically known for screaming have experimented with it in a single track, like "The Carpal Tunnel of Love" by Fall Out Boy and "My Heart" by Paramore.

Experimental music genres often feature screamed vocals if vocals are employed in the music, as a form of alternative expression rather than conventional singing. Noise music is notable for screamed vocals, an example being the well-known noise artist Masonna.

Bert McCracken is known for his screaming on The Used albums. The amount of screaming decreased on the third album, Lies for The Liars, mainly due to the fact that McCracken developed a node on his vocal cords. This caused his voice to weaken and in early 2007, the band was forced to cancel several dates on the Taste of Chaos tour as McCracken was said to be coughing blood. This then led to cancelling dates on the Warped Tour and McCracken having surgery to remove the node.

Training

Screaming and growling can damage the vocal folds if not done carefully; however, some feel that the raw passion expressed through these vocal stylings may be lost when modulated by deliberate precautionary techniques.Fact|date=October 2007 Many of the bands who pioneered the art considered it a sign of status to lose one's voice, one that only the most dedicated would achieve.

Health concerns

Some "screaming" vocalists have had problems with their throats, voices, vocal cords, and have even had major migraines from screaming. M. Shadows of Avenged Sevenfold is one of the vocalists that has had problems with his throat after screaming, requiring surgery. Another vocalist who required surgery was Bert McCracken of The Used after he developed a node on one of his vocal cords. Some vocalists of metalcore bands have had to quit screaming, quit making music, or just had to have surgery for screaming too hard, and damaging their vocal cords.

References