- Scrophulariaceae
image_width = 240px
image_caption = "Scrophularia nodosa"
regnum =Plant ae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis =Magnoliopsida
ordo =Lamiales
familia = Scrophulariaceae
familia_authority = Juss.
subdivision_ranks = Genera
subdivision = See text.Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, is a family of
flowering plant s. The plants are annual or perennial herbs withzygomorphic (rarelyactinomorphic ) flowers. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have acosmopolitan distribution , with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus "Scrophularia " L..In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the
Lamiales , notablyPlantaginaceae andOrobanchaceae but also several new families [cite journal |author = Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A.|title = Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal= American Journal of Botany| volume= 88| pages = 348–361| year=2001 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348 | doi = 10.2307/2657024 | pmid = 11222255] [cite journal | author = Olmstead, R. G. | title = Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? | journal=Fremontia|volume = 30| pages= 13–22|year=2003 - on line [http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/Spring/WebReadings/PdfReadings/Scrophulariaceae.pdf here] ] . Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae "sensu lato".The family includes some medicinal plants, among them:
* "Leptandra ", black root, Culver's root
* "Rehmannia ", Chinese foxglove, used inTraditional Chinese medicine
* "Scrophularia ", figworts
* "Verbascum ", mulleinsIncluded genera
*"
Alectra " Thunb.
*"Alonsoa " Ruiz & Pav.
*"Aureolaria " Raf. -- Yellow False foxglove
*"Brachystigma " Pennell -- Desert foxglove
*"Buchnera" L. -- Bluehearts
*"Buddleja " -- Butterfly-bush
*"Capraria" L.
*"Chaenorrhinum " -- Dwarf Snapdragon
*"Dasistoma " Raf.
*"Diascia "
*"Diplacus " Nutt. -- Bush monkeyflower
*"Hemianthus " Nutt.
*"Ilysanthes "
*"Lendneria " Minod
*"Leptandra " -- Black root, Culver's root, Leptandra)
*"Leucophyllum " [Olmstead, 2001]
*"Leucospora " Nutt.
*"Limosella " -> Plantaginaceae -> Scrophulariaceae (according to Oxelman "et al." 2005) [cite journal| author = Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B.| title= Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal=Taxon| volume = 54|isuue = 2|pages= 411–425| year = 2005]
*"Macranthera " Nutt.
*"Mimetanthe " Greene
*"Nemesia "
*"Phygelius " E.Mey. ex Benth. -- Cape fuchsia
*"Rehmannia " Libosch.
*"Schwalbea " L. -- Schwalbea
*"Scrophularia " L. -- Figwort
*"Seymeria " Pursh -- Black senna
*"Sutera" "Bacopa"
*"Tomanthera "
*"Verbascum " L. -- MulleinExcluded genera
The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:
*"
Agalinis " ->Orobanchaceae
*"Amphianthus " ->Plantaginaceae
*"Angelonia " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Antirrhinum " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Bacopa " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Bartsia " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Bellardia " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Besseya " -> Plantaginaceae [ [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1435 Besseya] at GRIN Taxonomy for Plants]
*"Calceolaria " ->Calceolariaceae
*"Castilleja " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Chaenorrhinum " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Chelone" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Chionophila " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Collinsia " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Cordylanthus " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Cymbalaria " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Digitalis " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Dopatrium " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Epixiphium " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Euphrasia " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Galvezia " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Gambelia" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Glossostigma " ->Phrymaceae
*"Gratiola " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Hebe" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Holmgrenanthe " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Howelliella " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Keckiella " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Kickxia " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Lagotis " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Limnophila " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Linaria " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Lindernia " -> Plantaginaceae, also placed within its own familyLinderniaceae according to Haston "et al" 2007 (also known as LAPG II). [cite journal| last =Haston, E.| first = Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. | title = A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families| journal = Taxon| volume = 56| issue = 1| year = 2007| pages = 7–12| doi = ]
*"Lophospermum " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Mabrya " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Maurandella " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Maurandya " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Mazus " -> Phrymaceae
*"Mecardonia " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Melampyrum " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Micranthemum " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Mimulus " -> Phrymaceae
*"Misopates " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Mohavea " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Nemesia " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Neogaerrhinum " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Nothochelone " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Nuttallanthus " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Odontites " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Orobanche " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Orthocarpus " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Parentucellia " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Paulownia " ->Paulownia ceae
*"Pedicularis " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Penstemon " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Pseudorontium " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Rhinanthus " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Russelia " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Sairocarpus " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Schistophragma " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Scoparia " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Stemodia " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Striga" -> Orobanchaceae [cite journal | title = The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series | author = Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | date = Autumn, 1999 | pages = 876 | doi = 10.2307/2666173] [Olmstead, 2001]
*"Synthyris " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Tonella " -> Plantaginaceae
*"Torenia " L. -> Linderniaceae
*"Triphysaria " -> Orobanchaceae
*"Veronica" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Veronicastrum " -> PlantaginaceaeReferences
External links
* [http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?SCROPHULARIACEAE Kew list of Scrophulariaceae]
* [http://flowersinisrael.com/FamScrophulariaceae.html Family Scrophulariaceae] Flowers in Israel
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