Thomas Savery

Infobox Engineer

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name = Thomas Savery
nationality = English
birth_date = c. 1650
birth_place = Modbury, Devon, England
death_date = 1715
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Thomas Savery (c. 1650 - 1715) was an English inventor, born at Shilstone, a manor house near Modbury, Devon, England.

Career

Savery became a military engineer, rising to the rank of Captain by 1702, and spent his free time performing experiments in mechanics. In 1696 he took out a patent for a machine for polishing glass or marble and another for "rowing of ships with greater ease and expedicion than hitherto beene done by any other" which involved paddle-wheels driven by a capstan and which was dismissed by the Admiralty.

Savery also worked for the Sick and Hurt Commissioners, contracting the supply of medicines to the Navy Stock Company, which was connected with the Society of Apothecaries. His duties on their behalf took him to Dartmouth, which is probably how he came into contact with Thomas Newcomen.

First steam engine mechanism

On July 2 1698 Savery patented an early steam engine, "A new invention for raiseing of water and occasioning motion to all sorts of mill work by the impellent force of fire, which will be of great use and advantage for drayning mines, serveing townes with water, and for the working of all sorts of mills where they have not the benefitt of water nor constant windes."cite book | last = Jenkins | first = Rhys | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times | publisher = Ayer Publishing | date = 1977 | location = | pages = p. 66 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0836921674] He demonstrated it to the Royal Society on June 14 1699. The patent has no illustrations or even description, but in 1702 Savery described the machine in his book "The Miner's Friend; or, An Engine to Raise Water by Fire" [cite book | last = Savery | first = Thomas | authorlink = Thomas Savery | coauthors = | title = The Miner's Friend: Or, an Engine to Raise Water by Fire | publisher = S. Crouch | date = 1827 | location = | pages = | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v_-yJ5c5a98C | doi = | id = | isbn = ] , in which he claimed that it could pump water out of mines.

Savery's engine had no piston, and no moving parts except from the taps. It was operated by first raising steam in the boiler; the steam was then admitted to the working vessel, allowing it to blow out through a downpipe into the water that was to be raised. When the system was hot and therefore full of steam the tap between the boiler and the working vessel was shut, and if necessary the outside of the vessel was cooled. This made the steam inside it condense, creating a partial vacuum, and atmospheric pressure pushed water up the downpipe until the vessel was full. At this point the tap below the vessel was closed, and the tap between it and the up-pipe opened, and more steam was admitted from the boiler. As the steam pressure built up, it forced the water from the vessel up the up-pipe to the top of the mine.

Savery took great care to stress how powerful his engine was, and was the first to use the term "horsepower". However, his engine had three serious problems. First, every time water was admitted to the working vessel much of the heat was wasted in warming up the water that was being pumped. Secondly, the second stage of the process required high-pressure steam to force the water up, and the engine's soldered joints were barely capable of withstanding high pressure steam and needed frequent repair. Thirdly, the engine could only raise water about convert|40|ft|m and as a result had to be installed far down in a mine, and a deep mine would need a series of engines to raise water all the way to the top.

Fire Engine Act

Savery's original patent of July 1698 gave 14 years' protection; the next year, 1699, an Act of Parliament was passed which extended his protection for a further 21 years. This Act became known as the "Fire Engine Act". The protection was extended to Scotland in 1701 by an Act of Parliament which granted to Mr James Smith of Whitehill the sole right to use in Scotland Savery's invention of "an engyne or invention for raiseing of water and occasioning motion of mill-work by the force of fire." The protection was to terminate at the same time as that in England.

Savery's patent covered all engines that raised water by fire and Newcomen was forced to go into partnership with Savery. By 1712, arrangements had been made with Newcomen to develop Newcomen's more advanced design of steam engine, which was marketed under Savery's patent. Newcomen's engine worked purely by atmospheric pressure, thereby avoiding the dangers of high-pressure steam, and used the piston concept invented in 1690 by the Frenchman Denis Papin to produce the first steam engine capable of raising water from deep mines. [L. T. C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, "The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen" (Landmark Publishing, Ashbourne 1997).]

After his death in 1715 Savery's patent and Act of Parliament became vested in a company, "The Proprietors of the Invention for Raising Water by Fire". [Jenkins, p. 78] This company issued licences to others for the building and operation of Newcomen engines, charging as much as £420 per year patent royalties for the construction of engines. [cite book | last = Oldroyd | first = David | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Estates, Enterprise and Investment at the Dawn of the Industrial Revolution | publisher = Ashgate Publishing Ltd. | date = 2007 | location = | pages = p. 14 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0754634558] In one case a colliery paid the Proprietors £200 per year and half their net profits "in return for their services in keeping the engine going". [cite book | last = Roll | first = Eric | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = An Early Experiment in Industrial Organisation | publisher = Routledge | date = 1968 | location = | pages = p. 27 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0714613576]

The Fire Engine Act did not expire until 1733, four years after the death of Newcomen. [cite book | last = Armytage| first = W.H.G. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = A Social History of Engineering | publisher = Westview Press | date = 1976 | location = | pages = p. 86 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0891585087]

Application of the engine

A newspaper in March 1702 announced that Savery's engines were ready for use and might be seen on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons at his workhouse in Salisbury Court, London, over against the Old Playhouse.

One of his engines was set up at York Buildings in London. According to later descriptions this produced steam 'eight or ten times stronger then common air' (i.e. 8-10 atmospheres), but blew open the joints of the machine, forcing him to solder the joints with spelter.L.T.C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, "The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen" (Landmark Publihsing, Ashbourne 2007), pp. 27-28]

Another was built to control the water supply at Hampton Court, while another at Campden House in Kensington operated for 18 years. E. I. Carlyle, 'Savery , Thomas (1650?–1715)', rev. Christopher F. Lindsey, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 29 April 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24733 URL] ]

A few Savery engines were tried in mines, an unsuccessful attempt being made to use one to clear water from a pool called Broad Waters in Wednesbury (then in Staffordshire) and nearby coal mines. This had been covered by a sudden eruption of water some years before. However the engine could not be 'brought to answer'. The quantity of steam rasied was so great as 'rent the whole machine to pieces'. The engine was laid aside, and the scheme for rasing water was dropped as impracticable. [Richard Wilkes of Willenhall, quoted in S. Shaw, "History and Antiquities of Staffordshire" (1798-1801) II(1), 120] P. W. King. 'Black Country Mining before the Industrial Revolution' "Mining History: The Bulletin of the Peak District Mines History Society" 16(6), 42-3. ] This may have been in about 1705.

Another engine was proposed in 1706 by George Sparrow at Newbold near Chesterfield, where a landowner was having difficulty in obtaining the consent of his neighbours for a sough to drain his coal. Nothing came of this, perhaps due to the explosion of the Broad Waters engine.

Inspiration for later work

Several later pumping systems may be based on Savery's pump. For example, the twin-chamber pulsometer steam pump was a successful development of it. [ [http://www.spppumps.com/history.htm SPP Pumps] ]

Further reading

*cite book | last = Savery | first = Thomas | authorlink = Thomas Savery | coauthors = | title = The Miner's Friend: Or, an Engine to Raise Water by Fire | publisher = S. Crouch | date = 1827 | location = | pages = | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v_-yJ5c5a98C | doi = | id = | isbn =

Notes

External links

* [http://www.mgsteam.btinternet.co.uk/engdev.htm Diagram of Savery's pump]
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