Edwin C. Kemble

Edwin Crawford Kemble (January 28, 1889 in Delaware, Ohio – March 12, 1984) was an American physicist who made contributions to the theory of quantum mechanics and molecular structure and spectroscopy. During World War II, he was a consultant to the Navy on acoustic detection of submarines and to the Army on Operation Alsos.

Education

Kemble began college in 1906 at Ohio Wesleyan University, but he stayed there only one year. He then transferred to the Case School of Applied Science, where he received his B.S. in physics in 1911. At Case, Kemble was a student of Dayton C. Miller, a nationally recognized scientist working in the field of acoustics. Upon graduation from Case, he spent the following year as a physics instructor at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, a school founded in response to the growing demand for education in technology, as was Case. During that year, Miller obtained a graduate fellowship for Kemble at Harvard; the fellowship was personally financed by Harvard Professor Wallace Sabine, a fellow colleague of Miller’s in acoustics. Kemble entered graduate school in 1913, with Percy Bridgman as his thesis advisor. This was the year Niels Bohr submitted his first paper on the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. [ [http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Bohr/Bohr-1913a.html Bohr Model] - Niels Bohr "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules", "Philosophical Magazine" Series 6, Volume 26, July 1913, p. 1-25.] Universities in Europe were in the process of making the transition from the predominance of experimental physics to that of theoretical physics, [ Jungnickel, Volume 2, 1990.] as was the case in the United States. Bridgman, a well-known experimentalist, did, however, champion Kemble’s interest in pursuing theoretical interests in physics. Kembel was draw to the new quantum theories in a course on radiation by G. W. Peirce. It was while considering thesis topics that Kemble was drawn to the recently introduced quantum theory of molecular spectra. He received his Ph.D. in physics from Harvard in 1917. [ [http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/ekemble.html Kemble Biography] – National Academies Press]

Career

After Kemble received his doctorate, with World War I in progress, he spent a short time doing work which contributed to the war effort developing aircraft engines at Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company. As the War ended, he was laid off. While he did want to return to Harvard, a position could not immediately be found, so he spent a half semester teaching at Williams College, in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Bridgman had a plan to build up theory at Harvard, which consisted of restructuring from the emphasis on electromagnetism (radiotelegraphy, optics, and wave propagation) to radiation theory, quantum theory, photo-electricity, specific heats, X-ray crystal structure, and special topics in physics theory. Kemble accepted the challenge and returned to Harvard in 1919 as an assistant professor in the physics department, the year Arnold Sommerfeld published "Atombau und Spektrallinien", which became the “bible” [ Kragh, 2002, p. 155.] of atomic theory for the new generation of physicists who developed atomic and quantum physics. Kemble remained there the rest of his career as Instructor (1919-1924), Assistant Professor (1924-1927), Associate Professor (1927-1930), and Professor (1930-1957). [ [http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/ Author Catalog: Kemble] – American Philosophical Society] He was made chairman of the department in 1940. His first graduate student was John Van Vleck. Many other doctoral students and postdoctoral students/researchers followed in the next fifteen years, including Robert S. Mulliken, [ Robert Mulliken received his doctorate at the University of Chicago in 1921. He did postdoctoral research and study at Harvard 1923-1925 as National Research Council Fellow.] John C. Slater, [ John Slater got his doctorate at Harvard under Percy Brigman in 1923.] J. Robert Oppenheimer, [ Robert Oppenheimer studied at Harvard 1922-1925, spent 1925-1926 at the University of Cambridge under J. J. Thomson, and received his doctorate at the Georg-August University of Göttingen under Max Born.] Clarence Zener, James H. Bartlett, Eugene Feenberg, and J. L. Dunham. [ [http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/ekemble.html Kemble Biography] – National Academies Press]

Kemble was at the center of research and development of the theory of molecular structure. Having been instrumental in introducing quantum theory in the United States, he went on to chair the National Research Council’s Committee on Radiation in Gasses, which took three years (1923-1926) to prepare the report "Molecular Spectra in Gases" and served as a coordinating group for national research programs. Kemble represented the east coast and Harvard, Harrison Randall’s infrared spectroscopy laboratory at the University of Michigan was represented by Walter F. Colby, [ W. F. Colby, along with Oscar Klein, was the thesis advisor to David M. Dennison, who graduated from the University of Michigan with a Ph.D. in 1924 and was also a major contributor to quantum mechanics in the United States as a professor at Michigan. See [http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/ Author Catalog: Dennison] – American Philosophical Society.] and Raymond T. Birge spoke for the west coast and the University of California, Berkley. [ [http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/ekemble.html Kemble Biography] – National Academies Press]

The rise of quantum mechanics was greatly fostered in Europe in the 1920s by the consortium consisting of the three Institutes for Theoretical Physics which were under Arnold Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Max Born at the Georg-August University of Göttingen, and Niels Bohr at the University of Copenhagen. Sommerfeld taught many of the leading young scientists then developing quantum mechanics or sorting out atomic and molecular structure from spectroscopic data. In 1925, Born and Werner Heisenberg, who got his doctorate from Sommerfeld in 1923 and completed his Habilitation under Born in 1924, introduced the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. This was followed in early 1926, by Erwin Schrödinger introducing the wave mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. So, it was into this stimulating environment that Kemble went to study and do research with both Sommerfeld in Munich and Born in Göttingen, on a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1927-1928. Upon his return to the United States, he wrote, with E. V. Hill, two lengthy reviews of quantum mechanics in the first issues of "Reviews of Modern Physics". [ [http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/bios.htm Sommerfeld Biography] – American Philosophical Society] [ [http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/ekemble.html Kemble Biography] – National Academies Press]

During World War II, Kemble supervised the teaching of basic physics to military officers, consulted with for the Navy on acoustic detection of submarines, and near the end of the war consulted for the Army on Operation Alsos. The objective of Alsos was to investigate the German nuclear energy efforts, seize German nuclear resources, materials and personnel to further American research and to prevent their capture by the Soviets, and to discern how far the Germans had gone towards creating an atomic bomb. Samuel Goudsmit, a quantum physicist from the University of Michigan, was the scientific leader of ALSOS, and Lt. Col. Boris Pash, a former Manhattan Project security officer, was its military leader. [ Samuel A. Goudsmit "ALSOS" (Tomash Publishers, 1983)] [ [http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/ekemble.html Kemble Biography] – National Academies Press]

At the end of WW II, Kemble had the opportunity to continue his war-time interest in teaching physics to non-physicists. In reacting to the role science played in the war, James B. Conant, president of Harvard and former high-level administrator in the Manhattan Project, proposed teaching science to all Harvard undergraduates by teaching them the history of science and highlighting the importance of science to social change. Kemble joined I. Bernard Cohen, Gerald Holton, Thomas S. Kuhn, Philipe Le Corbeiller, and Leonard K. Nash in this project. [ [http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/ekemble.html Kemble Biography] – National Academies Press]

In 1957, Kemble retired from Harvard, where he had spent all but three years since he entered graduate school. For the next three years, he was the director of Harvard’s Academic Year Institute, where high-school teachers studied with university professors. He had served as chairman of the Physics Section of the [National Academy of Sciences (1945-1948) and as a member of the Executive Committee of the National Research Councils’ Division of Physical Sciences. [ [http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/ekemble.html Kemble Biography] – National Academies Press]

Edwin C. Kemble died on March 12, 1984.. [ [http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/ekemble.html Kemble Biography] – National Academies Press]

Personal

In 1925, Kemble married Harriet May Tindle, who died two years before their 50th wedding anniversary. In 1978, he married Martha Chadbourne Kettelle, his Radcliffe College fiancée from graduate student days.

Books

*Edwin C. Kemble and others "Molecular Spectra in Gases" (National Research Council, Washington DC, 1926)

*Edwin C. Kemble "Physical Science, Its Structure and Development: From Geometric Astronomy to the Mechanical Theory of Heat" (M.I.T. Press, 1966)

*Edwin C. Kemble "Physical Science, Its Structure and Development -- Vol. 2" (1970)

*Edwin C. Kemble "The Fundamental Principles of Quantum Mechanics with Elementary Applications" (McGraw Hill, 1937) (Dover, 1958 and 2005)

elected Literature

*Edwin C. Kemble "The Evaluation of Quantum Integrals", "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" 7 (10) 283-288 ((1921) [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/7/10/283.pdf PNAS 7 (10) 283]

*E. C. Kemble and E. L. Hill "General Principles of quantum mechanics. Part I.", "Phys. Rev. " 1(suppl.) 157-215 (1929)

*E. C. Kemble and E. L. Hill "General principles of quantum mechanics. Part II.", "Rev. Mod. Phys." 2 1-59 (1930)

*Edwin C. Kemble "The General Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Part I", "Rev. Mod. Phys." 1 (2) 157 - 215 (1929).

References

*Kragh, Helge "Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century " (Princeton University Press, fifth printing and first paperback printing, 2002) ISBN 0-691-01206-7

*Jungnickel, Christa and Russell McCormmach. "Intellectual Mastery of Nature. Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, Volume 1: The Torch of Mathematics, 1800 to 1870." University of Chicago Press, paper cover, 1990. ISBN 0-226-41582-1

*Jungnickel, Christa and Russell McCormmach. "Intellectual Mastery of Nature. Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, Volume 2: The Now Mighty Theoretical Physics, 1870 to 1925." University of Chicago Press, Paper cover, 1990. ISBN 0-226-41585-6

External links

* [http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4702_1.html Oral History interview transcript with Edwin C. Kemble 11 May 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives]

Notes