Antonio Vivaldi

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (March 4, 1678 – July 28, 1741), [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075589/Antonio-Vivaldi Antonio Vivaldi from britannica.com] Quote: "born March 4, 1678, Venice, Republic of Venice [Italy] died July 28, 1741, Vienna, Austria"] nicknamed "il Prete Rosso" ("The Red Priest"), was a Venetian priest and Baroque music composer, as well as a famous virtuoso violinist; he was born and raised in the Republic of Venice. "The Four Seasons", a series of four violin concerti, is his best-known work and a highly popular Baroque piece.

Biography

Youth

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was born in Venice, the capital of the Republic of Venice. He was baptized immediately after his birth at his home by the midwife. It is not known how the life of the infant was in danger, but the immediate baptism was most likely due to his poor health or to an earthquake that shook the city that day. Vivaldi's official church baptism (at least, the rites that remained other than the actual baptism itself) did not take place until two months later. His father, Giovanni Battista, a barber before becoming a professional violinist, taught him to play violin and then toured Venice playing the violin with his young son. Giovanni Battista was one of the founders of the "Sovvegno dei musicisti di Santa Cecilia", a sort of trade union for musicians and composers. The president of the association was Giovanni Legrenzi, the "maestro di cappella" at St. Mark's Basilica and noted early Baroque composer. It is possible that the young Antonio's first lessons in composition were imparted by him. The Luxembourg scholar Walter Kolneder sees in the early liturgical work "Laetatus sum" (RV Anh 31, written in 1691 at the age of 13) the influence of Legrenzi's style. His father may have been a composer himself: in 1688, an opera titled "La Fedeltà sfortunata" was composed by a Giovanni Battista Rossi, and this was the name under which Vivaldi's father had joined the Sovvegno di Santa Cecilia ("Rossi" for "Red", because of the colour of his hair, a family trait).

Vivaldi had a medical problem that he called the "tightening of the chest" (probably some form of asthma). His medical problem, however, did not prevent him from learning to play the violin, composing, or taking part in many musical activities. However, he could not play wind instruments due to his lack of breath.At the age of 15 in the year of 1693, he began studying to become a priest. In 1703, at the age of 25, Vivaldi was ordained a priest and was soon nicknamed "il Prete Rosso", "The Red Priest", probably because of his red hair.

Not long after his ordination, in 1704, he was given a reprieve from celebrating the Holy Mass because of his ill health. From that point onward, he appears to have withdrawn from active practice, but did remain a priest.

At the "Ospedale della Pietà"

In September 1703, Vivaldi became "maestro di violino" (master of violin) at an orphanage called the Pio Ospedale della Pietà (Devout Hospital of Mercy) in Venice. [Michael Talbot, Grove online] There were four such institutions in Venice; their purpose was to give shelter and education to children who were abandoned, orphaned, or whose families could not support them. They were financed by funds provided by the Republic. The boys learned a trade and had to leave at age 15. The girls received a musical education, and the most talented stayed and became members of the Ospedale's renowned orchestra and choir.

Shortly after his appointment, the orphans began to gain appreciation and esteem abroad, too; Vivaldi wrote most of his concertos, cantatas, and sacred music for them. In 1704, the position of teacher of "viola all'inglese" was added to his duties as violin instructor.

His relationship with the board of directors of the Ospedale was often strained. The board had to take a vote every year on whether to keep a teacher. The vote on Vivaldi was seldom unanimous, and in 1709, he lost his job after a 7 against 6 vote. After a year as a freelance musician, he was recalled by the Ospedale with a unanimous vote in 1711; clearly the board had realized the importance of his role by then. In 1713, he became responsible for the musical activity of the institution. Vivaldi was promoted to "maestro di' concerti" (music director) in 1716.

It was during these years that Vivaldi wrote much of his music, including many operas and concerti. In 1705, the first collection ("Connor Cassara") of his works was published: his Opus 1 is a collection of 12 sonatas for two violins and basso continuo, still in a conventional style. In 1709, a second collection of 12 sonatas for violin & basso continuo appeared (Opus 2). The real breakthrough came with his first collection of 12 concerti for one, two, and four violins with strings, "L'estro armonico" (Opus 3), which was published in Amsterdam in 1711 by Estienne Roger. This was a resounding success all over Europe, and was followed in 1714 by "La stravaganza" (Opus 4), a collection of concerti for solo violin and strings.

In February 1711, Vivaldi and his father went to Brescia, where his setting of the Stabat Mater (RV 621) was played as part of a religious festival. The work seems to have been written in haste: the string parts are simple, the music of the first three movements is repeated in the next three, and not all the text is set. However, and in part as a consequence of the forced essentiality of the music, the work reveals musical and emotional depth and is one of his early masterpieces.

In 1718, Vivaldi began to travel. Despite his frequent travels, the Pietà paid him to write two concerti a month for the orchestra and to rehearse with them at least five times when in Venice. The Pietà's records show that he was paid for 140 concerti between 1723 and 1733.

Opera impresario

In the Venice of the early 18th century, opera was the most popular musical entertainment and the most profitable for the composer. There were several theaters competing for the public attention. Vivaldi started his career as opera writer in undertone: his first opera, "Ottone in villa" (RV 729) was performed not in Venice, but at the Garzerie theater in Vicenza in 1713. The following year, Vivaldi made the jump to Venice and became the impresario of the theater Sant'Angelo in Venice, where his opera "Orlando finto pazzo" (RV 727) was performed. However, the work did not meet the public's taste, and Vivaldi had to close it after a couple of weeks and replace it with a rerun of a different work already given the previous year. In 1715, he presented "Nerone fatto Cesare" (RV 724, lost), with music by seven different composers, of which he was the leader, with eleven arias. This time it was a success, and in the late season, Vivaldi planned to give an opera completely of his own hand, "Arsilda regina di Ponto" (RV 700). However, the state censor blocked the performance, objecting to the plot: the main character, Arsilda, falls in love with another woman, Lisea, who is pretending to be a man. Vivaldi managed to get the opera through censorship the following year, and it was eventually performed to a resounding success.

In this same period of time, the "Pietà" commissioned several liturgical works. The most important were two oratorios. The first, "Moyses Deus Pharaonis", (RV 643) is lost. The second, "Juditha triumphans" (RV 644), composed in 1716, is one of his sacred masterpieces. It was commissioned to celebrate the victory of the Republic of Venice against the Turks and the recapture of the island of Corfù. All eleven singing parts were performed by girls of the Pietà, both for the female and male characters. Many of the arias included parts by solo instruments—recorders, oboes, clarinets, violas d'amore, and mandolins—that showcased the range of talents of the girls.

In the same year, 1716, Vivaldi wrote and produced two more operas, "L'incoronazione di Dario" (RV 719) and "La costanza trionfante degli amori e degli odi" (RV 706). The latter was so popular that it was re-edited and represented two years later with the title "Artabano re dei Parti" (RV 701, lost) and was eventually performed in Prague in 1732. In the following years, Vivaldi wrote several operas that were performed all over Italy.

His modern operatic style caused him some trouble with other more conservative musicians, like Benedetto Marcello, a magistrate and amateur musician who wrote a pamphlet denouncing him and the modern style of opera. The pamphlet is called "Il teatro alla moda", and its cover has a caricature of Vivaldi playing the violin. The Marcello family was the rightful owner of the Sant'Angelo theater, and a long legal battle had been fought with the management for its restitution, without success. The booklet attacks Vivaldi without mentioning him directly. The cover drawing shows a boat (the Sant'Angelo), on the left end of which stands a little angel wearing a priest's hat and playing the violin. It is a caricature of Vivaldi. The obscure writing under the picture mentions nonexistent places and names. In particular, "ALDIVIVA" is an anagram of "A. Vivaldi".

His middle years

In 1717 or 1718, Vivaldi was offered a new prestigious position as "Maestro di Cappella" of the court of the prince Phillip of Hesse-Darmstadt, governor of Mantua. He moved there for three years and produced several operas, among which was Tito Manlio (RV 738). In 1721, he was in Milan, presenting the pastoral drama "La Silvia" (RV 734, lost) and again the next year with the oratorio "L'adorazione delli tre re magi al bambino Gesù" (RV 645, also lost). The next big step was a move to Rome in 1722, where his operas introduced the new style and where the new pope Benedict XIII invited Vivaldi to play for him. In 1725, he returned to Venice, where he produced four operas in the same year.

It is also in this period that he wrote the "Four Seasons", four violin concertos depicting natural scenes in music. While three of the concerti are of original conception, the first, "Spring", borrows motifs from a Sinfonia in the first act of his opera "Il Giustino," composed at the same time as The Four Seasons. The inspiration for them was probably the countryside around Mantua. They were a revolution in musical conception: in them Vivaldi represented flowing creeks, singing birds (of different species, each specifically characterised), barking dogs, buzzing mosquitoes, crying shepherds, storms, drunken dancers, silent nights, hunting parties (both from the hunter's and the prey's point of view), frozen landscapes, children ice-skating, and burning fires. Each concerto was associated with a sonnet of Vivaldi's hand, describing the scenes depicted in the music. They were published as the first four of a collection of twelve, "Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione", his Opus 8, published in Amsterdam by Le Cène in 1725.

During his time in Mantua Vivaldi became acquainted with an aspiring young singer, Anna Tessieri Giro, who was to become his student, protégée, and favorite prima donna. Anna, along with her older half-sister Paolina, became part of Vivaldi's entourage and regularly accompanied him on his many travels. There was speculation about the nature of Vivaldi's and Giro's relationship, but no evidence to indicate anything beyond friendship and professional collaboration.

Late life and death

At the height of his career, Vivaldi received commissions from European nobles and royalty. The wedding cantata "Gloria e Imeneo" (RV 687) was written for the marriage of Louis XV. Opus 9, "La Cetra", was dedicated to Emperor Charles VI. In 1728, Vivaldi had the chance to meet the Emperor in person when he came to Trieste to oversee the construction of a new port. Charles admired the music of the Red Priest so much that he is said to have spoken more with the composer in that occasion than with his ministers in two years. He gave him the title of knight, a gold medal, and an invitation to come to Vienna. On his part, Vivaldi gave Charles a manuscript copy of "La Cetra"; this is a set of concerti almost completely different from the one published with the same title as Opus 9. Probably the printing had been delayed and Vivaldi was forced to gather an improvised collection.In 1730, accompanied by his father, he traveled to Vienna and Prague, where his opera "Farnace" (RV 711) was presented. Some late operas marked the collaboration with two of Italy's major writers of the time. "L'Olimpiade" and "Catone in Utica" were written by Pietro Metastasio, the major representative of the Arcadian movement and court poet in Vienna. "La Griselda" was rewritten by the young Carlo Goldoni from an earlier libretto by Apostolo Zeno.

Vivaldi's life, like those of many composers of the time, ended in financial difficulties. His compositions no longer held the high esteem they once did in Venice; changing musical tastes quickly made them outmoded, and Vivaldi, in response, chose to sell off sizeable numbers of his manuscripts at paltry prices to finance a migration to Vienna. The reasons for Vivaldi's departure from Venice are unclear, but it seems likely that he wished to meet Charles VI, who appreciated his compositions (Vivaldi dedicated "La Cetra" to Charles in 1727), and take up the position of a composer in the Imperial Court. It is ever more likely that Vivaldi went to Vienna to stage operas, especially as his place of residence was near the Kärntnertortheater. However, shortly after Vivaldi's arrival at Vienna, Charles died. This tragic stroke of bad luck left the composer without royal protection and a source of income. Vivaldi eventually died not long after, on the night between 27 and July 28, 1741Talbot (pg.69) gives the 27th as the day of death. Formichetti (pg.194) reports that he died during the night and his death was the first registered on the next day. Heller (pg.263) states: "The composer’s death is noted in the official coroner’s report and in the burial account book of St. Stephen’s Cathedral Parish as having occurred on 28 July 1741". But the so-called "Totenbeschauprotokoll" is no reliable source, since the date can always refer to the entry, not to the actual time of death.] , of "internal infection" in a house owned by the widow of a Viennese saddlemaker. On July 28 he was buried in a simple grave at the Hospital Burial Ground in Vienna. Vivaldi's funeral took place at St. Stephen's Cathedral, where the young Joseph Haydn was then a choir boy. The cost of his funeral included a Kleinglaut, or pauper's peal of bells. [ Compared to a noble's funeral at upwards of 100 fl, this was meager treatment indeed. ] Both contemporary reports and current scholarship support the assertion that Vivaldi died a pauper. [ H.C. Robbins Landon supplies this assertion, and furthermore quotes the report of Vivaldi's death which reached Venice in the "Commemorali Gradenigo": "Abbe Lord Antonio Vivaldi, incomparable virtuoso of the violin, known as the Red Priest, much esteemed for his compositions and concertos, who earned more than 50,000 ducats in his life, but his disorderly prodigality caused him to die a pauper in Vienna." Landon, "Vivaldi: Voice of the Baroque" Thames and Hudson 1993, p.166 ] His burial spot is next to the Karlskirche in Vienna, at the site of the Technical Institute. The house he lived in while in Vienna was torn down. In part of its place there is now the Hotel Sacher. Memorial plaques have been placed at both locations, as well as a Vivaldi "star" in the Viennese Musikmeile and a monument at the Rooseveltplatz.

tyle and influence

Many of Vivaldi's compositions reflect a flamboyant, almost playful, exuberance. Most of Vivaldi's repertoire was rediscovered only in the first half of the 20th century in Turin and Genoa and was published in the second half. Vivaldi's music is innovative, breaking a consolidated tradition in schemes; he gave brightness to the formal and the rhythmic structure of the concerto, repeatedly looking for harmonic contrasts and innovative melodies and themes. Moreover, Vivaldi was able to compose nonacademic music, particularly meant to be appreciated by the wide public and not only by an intellectual minority. The joyful appearance of his music reveals in this regard a transmissible joy of composing; these are among the causes of the vast popularity of his music. This popularity soon made him famous in other countries such as France which was, at the time, very independent concerning its musical taste.

Vivaldi is considered one of the composers who brought Baroque music (with its typical contrast among heavy sonorities) to evolve into a classical style. Johann Sebastian Bach was deeply influenced by Vivaldi's concertos and arias (recalled in his "Johannes Passion", "Matthäuspassion", and cantatas). Bach transcribed a number of Vivaldi's concerti for solo keyboard, along with a number for orchestra, including the famous "Concerto for Four Violins and Violoncello, Strings and Continuo" (RV 580).

Posthumous reputation

Vivaldi remained unknown for his published concerti, and largely ignored, even after the resurgence of interest in Bach, pioneered by Mendelssohn. Even his most famous work, "The Four Seasons", was unknown in its original edition. In the early 20th century, Fritz Kreisler's concerto in the style of Vivaldi, which he passed off as an original Vivaldi work, helped revive Vivaldi's reputation. This impelled the French scholar Marc Pincherle to begin academic work on Vivaldi's oeuvre. The discovery of many Vivaldi manuscripts and their acquisition by the National University of Turin Library (with the generous sponsorship of Roberto Foa and Filippo Giordano, in memory of their sons, respectively, Mauro and Renzo) led to renewed interest in Vivaldi. People such as Marc Pincherle, Mario Rinaldi, Alfredo Casella, Ezra Pound, Olga Rudge, Arturo Toscanini, and Louis Kaufman were instrumental in the Vivaldi revival of the 20th century. The resurrection of Vivaldi's unpublished works in the 20th century is mostly thanks to the efforts of Alfredo Casella, who in 1939 organised the now historic "Vivaldi Week", in which the rediscovered "Gloria" (RV 589) and "l'Olimpiade" were first heard again. Since World War II, Vivaldi's compositions have enjoyed almost universal success, and the advent of historically informed performances has only increased his fame. In 1947, the Venetian businessman Antonio Fanna founded the Istituto Italiano Antonio Vivaldi, with the composer Gian Francesco Malipiero as its artistic director, having the purpose of promoting Vivaldi's music and publishing new editions of his works.

A movie titled "Vivaldi, a Prince in Venice" was completed in 2005 as an Italian-French coproduction under the direction of Jean-Louis Guillermou, featuring Stefano Dionisi in the title role and Michel Serrault as the bishop of Venice. Another film inspired by the life of the composer was in a preproduction state for several years and has the working title " [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0469879/ Vivaldi] ". Filming was scheduled to begin in 2007, but was canceled and tentatively rescheduled for 2008.Fact|date=March 2008Antonio Vivaldi is also featured on the 2008 Europe Taler. Vivaldi's music, together with that of Mozart, Tchaikovsky, and Corelli, has been included in the theories of Alfred Tomatis on the effects of music on human behaviour and used in music therapy.

His compositions include:

* Over 500 concerti; approximately 350 of these are for solo instrument and strings, and of these about 230 are for violin; the others are for bassoon, cello, oboe, flute, viola d'amore, recorder, lute, and mandolin. Approximately 40 concerti are for two instruments and strings, and approximately 30 are for three or more instruments and strings.
* 46 operas
* sinfonias
* 73 sonatas
*chamber music (even if some sonatas for flute, as "Il Pastor Fido", have been erroneously attributed to him, but were composed by Chédeville).
*sacred music
* His most famous work is 1723's "Le Quattro Stagioni" (The Four Seasons). In essence, it resembled an early example of a tone poem, where he attempted to capture all the moods of the four seasons without the use of percussion to dramatize the effects he sought to portray. (See section above for more detailed description.)

1926 and 1930 discoveries

As one biography describes it: [Antonio Vivaldi biography by Alexander Kuznetsov and Louise Thomas, a booklet attached to the CD "The best of Vivaldi", published and recorded by Madacy Entertainment Group Inc, St. Laurent Quebec Canada] cquote|The fate of the Italian composer's legacy is unique. After the Napoleonic wars, it was thought that a large part of Vivaldi's work had been irrevocably lost. However, in the autumn of 1926, after a detectivelike search by researchers, 14 folios of Vivaldi's previously unknown religious and secular works were found in the library of a monastery in Piedmont. Some even- and odd-numbered volumes were missing, and so the search continued. Finally, in October 1930, the missing volumes were found to be with the descendants of the Grand Duke Durazzo, who had acquired the property as early as the eighteenth century.

To its amazement, the world of music was presented with 300 concerts for various instruments and 18 operas, not counting a number of arias and more than 100 vocal-instrumental pieces. Such an impressive list of newly unearthed opuses warranted a re-evaluation of Vivaldi's creativity.

Recent discoveries

Recently, four sacred vocal works by Vivaldi have been discovered in the Saxon State Library in Dresden. These compositions were improperly attributed to Baldassare Galuppi, a Venetian composer of the early classical period, mostly famous for his choral works.

In the 1750s or 1760s, the Saxon court asked for some sacred works by Galuppi from the Venetian copyist Don Giuseppe Baldan. Baldan included, among authentic works by Galuppi, the four compositions by Vivaldi, passing them off as Galuppi's. He probably obtained the originals from two of Vivaldi's nephews, (Carlo Vivaldi and Daniele Mauro), who worked under him as copyists.

The recognition of Vivaldi's authorship could be made by analyzing style and instrumentation and by recognizing arias from Vivaldi's operas.

The two most recent among these discoveries are two psalm settings of "Nisi Dominus" (RV 803, in eight movements) and "Dixit Dominus" (RV 807, in eleven movements), identified in 2003 and 2005, respectively, by the Australian scholar Janice Stockigt.

RV 803 was recorded for the first time in 2005 by the King's Consort under the direction of Robert King.

The world premiere of any part of RV 807 took place on August 9, 2005, at Melba Hall, University of Melbourne [Clive O'Connell, "A great discovery, on any score", review of the performance, "The Age", 10 August 2005] . It was recorded in full for the first time in 2006 by the Dresdner Instrumental-Concert under the direction of Peter Kopp. Vivaldi scholar Michael Talbot called it "arguably the best nonoperatic work from Vivaldi's pen to come to light since... the 1920s". [Michael Talbot, liner notes to the CD "Vivaldi: Dixit Dominus", Körnerscher Sing-Verein Dresden (Dresdner Instrumental-Concert), Peter Kopp, Deutsche Grammophone 2006.]

"Argippo"

Vivaldi's opera "Argippo" (RV 697) premiered in the Palace of Count Spork, Prague in 1730. The libretto was preserved but the music was presumed to have been lost until portions of it (over two thirds) was discovered in the private archive of the Thurn und Taxis house in Regensburg, in 2006 by harpsichordist and conductor [http://www.ckrumlov.cz/uk/autori/t_om.htm Ondřej Macek] . He stated: "I found out that in 1733, three years after the premiere, the Italian music ensemble appeared in Regensburg. They'd been invited there after the theatre in Prague burnt down." [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7382451.stm BBC NEWS, Vivaldi work revived 278 years on] ] Macek used other arias from Vivaldi and said: "I used music from operas he wrote at the time, shortly before and after the date of the premiere, and sometimes they [the arias] fit really perfectly." Ondřej Macek and his Hofmusici orchestra chose Prague Castle (seat of the Czech presidency) the 16th-century Spanish, and was performed by 13 singers and 24 musicians [ [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/europe/vivaldis-longlost-opera-returns-to-prague-after-278-years-820860.html independent.co.uk, Vivaldi's long-lost opera returns to Prague after 278 years] ] on May 3, 2008, the first performance since 1730. The opera is set in an Indian royal court and centers around a young princess smitten by a dishonest suitor. It has three acts and lasts over two hours.

Works

See also:

Below is a list of Vivaldi's works, from his many concerti to his sacred vocal works. While the list is not a complete listing of all of Vivaldi's works, these lists contain many known compositions, including publications during his lifetime.

Works published during his lifetime

* Opus 1, twelve sonatas for two violins and basso continuo (1705)
* Opus 2, twelve sonatas for violin and basso continuo (1709)
* Opus 3, "L'estro armonico" (Harmonic inspiration), twelve concerti for various combinations. Best known concerti are No. 6 in A minor for violin, No. 8 in A minor for two violins and No. 10 in B minor for four violins (1711).
* Opus 4, "La stravaganza" (The extraordinary), twelve violin concerti (c. 1714)
* Opus 5, (second part of Opus 2), four sonatas for violin and two sonatas for two violins and basso continuo (1716).
* Opus 6, six violin concerti (1716–21)
* Opus 7, two oboe concerti and 10 violin concerti (1716–1717)
* Opus 8, "Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione" (The Contest between Harmony and Invention), twelve violin concerti including the celebrated work, "Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons)", consisting of the first four concerti in opus 8 (1723).
* "Opus 9, La cetra (The lyre)", twelve violin concerti and one for two violins (1727)
* Opus 10, six flute concertos (c. 1728)
* Opus 11, five violin concerti, one oboe concerto, the second in E minor, RV 277, being known as "Il favorito" (1729)
* Opus 12, five violin concerti and one without solo (1729)
* Opus 13, "Il pastor fido (The Faithful Shepherd)", six sonatas for musette, viela, recorder, flute, oboe or violin, and basso continuo (1737, spurious works by Nicolas Chédeville).

Operas

See List of operas by Vivaldi

Concerti

Vivaldi wrote hundreds of concerti for various instruments. Below is a list of notable concerti:

Cello:

* Cello concerto in Cm, RV 401
* Cello concerto in Em, RV 409
* Cello concerto in F, RV 411
* Cello concerto in F, RV 412
* Cello concerto in G, RV 413
* Cello concerto in G, RV 415
* Cello concerto in Gm, RV 417
* Cello concerto in Am, RV 418
* Cello concerto in Am, RV 420
* Cello concerto in Bm, RV 424

Mandolin:

* Mandolin Concerto in C major, RV 425
* Concerto for two Mandolins in G major, RV 532

Mandolin (lute) and orchestra:

* Concerto in D major, RV 93

Recorder and flute:

* Concerto in D major, RV 95, "La pastorella"
* Concerto in C minor for Treble Recorder, RV 441
* Concerto in F major for Treble Recorder, RV 442
* Concerto in C major for Sopranino Recorder, RV 443
* Concerto in C major for Sopranino Recorder, RV 444
* Concerto in A minor for Sopranino Recorder, RV 445
* Concerto in F major for Flute ("La Tempesta di Mare"), RV 433 (Op. 10, No. 1), RV 98 and RV 570
* Concerto in G minor for Flute ("La Notte"), RV 439 (Op. 10, No. 2)
* Concerto in D major for Flute ("Il Gardellino"), RV 428 (Op. 10 No. 3)
* Concerto in G major for Flute, RV 435 (Op. 10, No. 4)
* Concerto in F major for Flute, RV 434 (Op. 10, No. 5)
* Concerto in G major for Flute, RV 437 (Op. 10, No. 6)
* Concerto in C major for 2 Flutes, RV 533

Violin:

* The Contest Between Harmony and Invention:
** The Four Seasons:
*** Concerto No. 1 in E major, "La Primavera" (Spring), RV 269
*** Concerto No. 2 in G minor, "L'estate" (Summer), RV 315
*** Concerto No. 3 in F major, "L'autunno" (Autumn), RV 293
*** Concerto No. 4 in F minor, "L'inverno" (Winter), RV 297
** Concerto No. 5 in E-flat major, "La tempesta di mare", RV 253
** Concerto No. 6 in C major, "Il piacere", RV 180
** Concerto No. 7 in D minor, RV 242
** Concerto No. 8 in G minor, RV 332
** Concerto No. 9 in D minor, RV 236
** Concerto No. 10 in B-flat major, "La caccia", RV 362
** Concerto No. 11 in D major, RV 210
** Concerto No. 12 in C major, RV 178

Brass and woodwind:

* Concerto in C major for Two Trumpets, RV 537
* Concerto in D major for two Oboes, Bassoon, two French Horns, and Solo Violin, RV 562
* Concerto in D minor for two Recorders, two Oboes, and Bassoon, RV 566
* Concerto in F major for Oboe, Bassoon, two French Horns, and Solo Violin, RV 571
* Concerto in B-flat major for Oboe, Chalumeau, and Solo Violin, RV 579

acred works

* Missa Sacrum, RV 586 (disputed)
* Kyrie, RV 587
* Gloria, RV 588
* Gloria, RV 589
* Gloria, RV 590 (lost)
* Credo, RV 591
* Credo, RV 592 (disputed)
* Domine ad adiuvandum me, RV 593
* Dixit Dominus, RV 594
* Dixit Dominus, RV 595 ("di Praga")
* Confetibor, tibi Domine, RV 596
* Beatus vir, RV 597
* Beatus vir, RV 598
* Beatus vir, RV 599 (lost)
* Laudate pueri Dominum, RV 600
* Laudate pueri Dominum, RV 601
* Laudate pueri Dominum, RV 602
* Laudate pueri Dominum, RV 603
* In exitu Israel, RV 604
* Credidi propter quod, RV 605 (now RV Anh. 35b)
* Laudate Dominum, RV 606
* Laetatus sum, RV 607
* Nisi Dominus, RV 608
* Lauda Jerusalem, RV 609
* Magnificat, RV 610/610a/610b/611
* Deus Tuorum Militum, RV 612
* Gaude Mater Ecclesia, RV 613
* Laudate Dominum, RV 614 (disputed)
* Regina coeli, RV 615 (incomplete)
* Salve Regina, RV 616
* Salve Regina, RV 617
* Salve Regina, RV 618
* Salve Regina, RV 619 (lost)
* Sanctorum Meritis, RV 620
* Stabat Mater, RV 621
* Te Deum, RV 622 (lost)
* Canta in Prato, Ride in Monte, RV 623 — not to be confused with RV 636, which is "Canta in Prato, Ride in "Fonte"
* Carae Rosae Respirate, RV 624 — incomplete without reconstruction of lost second violin and viola parts
* Clarae, Stellae, RV 625
* In Furore Iustissimae Irae, RV 626
* In Turbate Mare, RV 627
* Invicti Bellate, RV 628 (incomplete, yet reconstructed and recorded by Academia Montis Regalis)
* Longe Mala, Umbrae, Terrores, RV 629 — not to be confused with RV 640, which is a similar motet on the same text but intended for different purposes
* Nulla in Mundo Pax Sincera, RV 630
* O Qui Coeli Terraque Serenitas, RV 631
* Sum in Medio Tempestatum, RV 632
* Vestro Principi Divino, RV 633
* Vos Aurae per Montes, RV 634
* Introduzione al Dixit (RV 595) "Ascende Laeta," RV 635
* Introduzione al Dixit (RV 594?) "Canta in Prato, Ride in Fonte," RV 636 — not to be confused with RV 623, which is "Canta in Prato, Ride in "Monte"
* Introduzione al Gloria "Cur sagittas," RV 637 — the preceding work that was to follow this introductory motet, most likely a lost setting of a Gloria in B♭, is now presumably lost
* Introduzione al Miserere "Filiae Maestae Jerusalem," RV 638
* Introduzione al Gloria (RV 588) "Jubilate o amoeni chori," RV 639 — Introductory motet has third movement interwoven with Gloria (RV 588).
* Introduzione al Gloria (RV 589) "Longe Mala, Umbrae, Terrores," RV 640 — not to be confused with RV 629, which is a similar motet on the same text but intended for different purposes
* Introduzione al Miserere "Non in pratis," RV 641
* Introduzione al Gloria (RV 589) "Ostro Picta," RV 642
* Oratorio "Moyses Deus Pharaonis", RV 643 (lost)
* Oratorio "Juditha triumphans", RV 644
* Oratorio "L'adorazione delli tre re magi al bambino Gesu", RV 645 (lost)
* Oratorio "La vittoria navale predetta dal S Pontefice Pio V Ghisilieri", RV 782 (lost)
* Confetibor, tibi domine, RV 789 — manuscript found in damaged condition
* Beatus Vir, RV 795
* Magnificat, RV 797 (lost) — possibly related to the extant settings of RV 610/610a/610b/611
* Nisi Dominus, RV 803
* Salve Regina, RV 804 (lost)
* Dixit Dominus, RV 807

A possible setting, or even settings (considering the many settings of other liturgical text Vivaldi composed) of the Miserere may have existed, as hinted by the two introductory sets of movements intended for the piece(s), but such composition(s) have been lost.

elected performance ensembles specialising in Vivaldi

This list is a brief listing of ensembles with a speciality in Vivaldi's repertoire, including historically informed ensembles.

* "Ensemble Matheus
* "La Serenissima"
* "Aradia Ensemble"
* "The English Concert"
* "I Solisti Veneti"
* "Europa Galante"
* "Concerto Italiano"
* "Il Giardino Armonico"
* "Academy of Ancient Music"
* "Tempesta di Mare"

Media

ee also

* List of compositions by Vivaldi
* List of operas by Vivaldi

Notes

References and further reading

* Bukofzer, Manfred (1947). "Music in the Baroque Era". New York, W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-09745-5.
*Cross, Eric (1984). Review of "I libretti vivaldiani: recensione e collazione dei testimoni a stampa by Anna Laura Bellina; Bruno Brizi; Maria Grazia Pensa" in "Music & Letters", Vol. 65, No. 1 (Jan., 1984), pp. 62-64
*Formichetti, Gianfranco "Venezia e il prete col violino. Vita di Antonio Vivaldi", Bompiani (2006), ISBN 88-452-5640-5.
*Heller, Karl "Antonio Vivaldi: The Red Priest of Venice", Amadeus Press (1997), ISBN 1-57467-015-8
*Kolneder, Walter "Antonio Vivaldi: Documents of His Life and Works", C F Peters Corp (1983), ISBN 3-7959-0338-6
* Barbara Quick, " [http://www.vivaldisvirgins.com Vivaldi's Virgins] " (novel), HarperCollins (2007), ISBN 978-0-06-089052-0.
* André Romijn. "Hidden Harmonies: The Secret Life of Antonio Vivaldi", 2007 ISBN 978-0-9554100-1-7
* Eleanor Selfridge-Field (1994). "Venetian Instrumental Music, from Gabrieli to Vivaldi". New York, Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-28151-5.
* Michael Talbot, "Antonio Vivaldi", Insel Verlag (1998), ISBN 3-458-33917-5
* Michael Talbot: "Antonio Vivaldi", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed August 26, 2006), [http://www.grovemusic.com (subscription access)]
*"Vivaldi: Voice of the Baroque", H. C. Robbins Landon, 1996 University of Chicago Press, ISBN-10: 0226468429

External links

* [http://www.classical.net/music/composer/works/vivaldi/index.html Catalog of instrumental works]
* [http://alambix.uquebec.ca/musique//catal/vivaldi/viva.html Complete works catalog]
* [http://www.goldbergweb.com/en/magazine/interviews/2005/04/31716.php Michael Talbot: Recent Vivaldi Discoveries] from the online magazine [http://www.goldbergweb.com/en/ Goldberg] .
* [http://www.goldbergweb.com/en/magazine/composers/2001/12/383.php Antonio Vivaldi] by Fréderic Délaméa (Translated by Kirk McElhearn) from [http://www.goldbergweb.com/en/ Goldberg] .
* [http://www.playbillarts.com/news/article/2341.html Two Vivaldi biopics may duel at the box office]
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* [http://www.kantoreiarchiv.de/archiv/choir_orchestra/gloria/vivaldi/ Gloria, RV 589 (Free sheet music)]
* [http://www.kantoreiarchiv.de/archiv/choir_orchestra/magnificat/vivaldi/ Magnificat, RV 610 (Free sheet music)]
* [http://magnatune.com/artists/serenissima Serenissima] plays Vivaldi in mp3 (Magnatune).
* [http://www.easybyte.org Easybyte] - free easy piano arrangement of "Largo from Lute Concerto in D - RV 93" and "Four Seasons/Spring 3rd Movement" by Antonio Vivaldi plus midi sound files
* [http://www.classicistranieri.com/dblog/articolo.asp?articolo=6026 Music for the Chapel of Pietà] Creative Commons MP3 Recording
* [http://www.anima-veneziana.narod.ru/index_eng.html Vivaldi biography.] Free English eBooks: 1. Talbot, M. Vivaldi. 1993; 2. Heller, K. Antonio Vivaldi: The Red Priest of Venice. 1997
* The Seasons in interactive hypermedia [http://bach.nau.edu/Vivaldi/SpringMvt1.html Allegro] , [http://bach.nau.edu/Vivaldi/SpringMvt2.html Largo] , [http://bach.nau.edu/Vivaldi/SpringMvt3.html Allegro] (Shockwave required) at the [http://bach.nau.edu/ BinAural Collaborative Hypertext]

Persondata
NAME= Vivaldi, Antonio Lucio
ALTERNATIVE NAMES= "Il Prete Rosso" ("The Red Priest")
SHORT DESCRIPTION= Violinist, Composer
DATE OF BIRTH= birth date|mf=yes|1678|3|4|mf=y
PLACE OF BIRTH= Venice, Republic of Venice
DATE OF DEATH= death date|mf=yes|1741|7|28|mf=y
PLACE OF DEATH= Vienna, Austria