Midblastula

In developmental biology, midblastula or midblastula transition (MBT) is a stage during embryonic development in which zygotic gene transcription is activated. There are three major characteristics of pre-MBT embryos. Firstly, all of the embryonic cells undergo cell division at the same time.^[1] Secondly, zygotic chromatin is condensed, hypo-acetylated and H3 methylated,^[2] indicating that most of the genes are in a repressed heterochromatic state. Finally, embryos are observed to translate only maternally inherited mRNA, i.e. that mRNA which is present in the oocyte when it is fertilised.^[3] The mRNA is localised in different parts of the oocyte, so that as the embryo divides it is segregated into different cells. This segregation is thought to underlie much of the differentiation of cells that occurs after MBT. Once MBT has taken place, the embryo begins to transcribe its own DNA, cells become motile and cell division becomes asynchronous. Since the cells are now transcribing their own DNA, this stage is where differential expression of paternal genes is first observed.

Timing

The timing of MBT varies between different organisms. Zebrafish MBT occurs at cycle 10^[4], whilst it occurs at cycle 13 in both Xenopus and Drosophila. Cells are thought to time the MBT by measuring the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, which is effectively the ratio between the volume of cytosol and the amount of DNA. Evidence for this hypothesis comes from the observation that the timing of MBT can be sped up by adding extra DNA^[5], or by halving the amount of cytoplasm^[6]. The exact method by which the cell achieves this control is unknown, but it is thought to involve a cytosolic protein.

References

1. ^ Masui Y, Wang P (1998). "Cell cycle transition in early embryonic development of Xenopus laevis". Biol. Cell 90 (8): 537–548. doi:10.1016/S0248-4900(99)80011-2. PMID 10068998. http://submit.biolcell.org/boc/090/0537/boc0900537.pdf. 
2. ^ Meehana R, Dunicana D, Ruzova A, Pennings S (2005). "Epigenetic silencing in embryogenesis". Exp. Cell Biol. 309 (2): 241–249. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.06.023. PMID 16112110. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014482705003083. 
3. ^ Sibon O, Stevenson V, Theurkauf W (1997). "DNA-replication checkpoint control at the Drosophila midblastula transition". Nature 388 (6637): 93–97. doi:10.1038/40439. PMID 9214509. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v388/n6637/full/388093a0.html. 
4. ^ Kane D, Kimmel C (1993). "The zebrafish midblastula transition". Development 119 (2): 447–456. PMID 8287796. http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/119/2/447. 
5. ^ Mita I, Obata C (1984). "Timing of early morphogenetic events in tetraploid starfish embryos". J. Exp. Zool. 229: 215–222. doi:10.1002/jez.1402290206. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/110494611/abstract. 
6. ^ Mita I (1983). "Studies on factors affecting the timing of early morphogenetic events during starfish embryogenesis.". J. Exp. Zool. 225: 293–9. doi:10.1002/jez.1402250212. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/110507425.