Potomac Horse Fever

Potomac Horse Fever (PHF) is a febrile disease affecting horses. It is also known as Shasta River Crud and Equine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis. It was first described in areas surrounding the Potomac River northwest of Washington, D.C., in the 1980's, but cases have been described in many other parts of the United States, such as Minnesota, California, and Pennsylvania. Currently, it is found in more than 40 states within the US, as well as in CanadaPascoa, Elaine. "PHF Prevention." "Practical Horseman" July 2008: 60-66.] .

Cause

The causative agent of PHF is "Neorickettsia risticii" (formerly "Ehrlichia risticii"), an intracellular rickettsial bacterium [cite web | title = Potomac Horse Fever | work = The Merck Veterinary Manual | date = 2006 | url = http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/22204.htm | accessdate = 2007-06-14 ] Pascoa, Elaine. "PHF Prevention." "Practical Horseman" July 2008: 60-66.] .

Transmission

The vector of "Neorickettsia risticii" is believed to be a trematode (fluke). The life cycle of the fluke takes it through freshwater snails and back into water, where it is ingested by the larval stages of several aquatic insects, including caddis flies and mayflies. It is thought that the main mode of infection is by accidental ingestion of infected adult insects, who may fly into barns and die in stalls or on pastures after eclosurePascoa, Elaine. "PHF Prevention." "Practical Horseman" July 2008: 60-66.] . Experimental infection has been produced with oral administration of infected insects and subcutaneous inoculation of "N. risticii". All attempts to transmit the disease using ticks have failed.Several outbreaks of PHF have been found to coincide with mass emergences of burrowing mayflies of the genus "Hexagenia"; these insects hatch en masse and may be found littering the ground in nearby stables, where they are attracted by light.The entire natural history and life cycle of "N. risticii" has yet to be elucidated, but bats and birds may be wild reservoirs of infection.Unlike other causes of acute colitis in horses, such as "Salmonella" and "Clostridium", PHF is not spread directly from horse to horse.

ymptoms

Symptoms of PHF include fever; depression (sometimes profound); inappetance; mild, colic-like symptoms; decreased manure production; profuse, watery, non-fetid diarrhea; endotoxemia; edema due to protein imbalances; abortion by pregnant mares; and, in 20-40% of cases, acute laminitis and founder usually within 3 days of the initial symptoms, thought to be secondary to the endotoxemiaPascoa, Elaine. "PHF Prevention." "Practical Horseman" July 2008: 60-66.] . Death may occur and is usually due to severe laminitis leading to founderPascoa, Elaine. "PHF Prevention." "Practical Horseman" July 2008: 60-66.] .

Horses may not always display any other symptoms beyond a feverPascoa, Elaine. "PHF Prevention." "Practical Horseman" July 2008: 60-66.] .

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of PHF is accomplished by measuring antibody titers or PCR testing to look for the bacterium in the blood and feces. However, most veterinarians opt to initiate treatment right away, as the disease can progress quite quickly. Veterinarians may also run complete blood counts and chemistry and electrolyte panels to determine the course of care. Radiographs may be taken to track the progress of laminitic horses.

Treatment

"N. risticii" responds well to tetracycline antibiotics. Mild cases may be treated with oral doxycycline, while severe cases are usually treated with intravenous oxytetracycline. Supportive care for severe cases is aimed at minimizing the effects of endotoxemia and preventing laminitis. This may include intravenous fluids and electrolytes to counteract the diarrheaPascoa, Elaine. "PHF Prevention." "Practical Horseman" July 2008: 60-66.] ; NSAIDs such as Banamine (flunixin meglumine); intravenous dimethyl sulfoxide; administration of products such as Biosponge or activated charcoal via nasogastric tube to bind endotoxins; polymyxin B or plasma for endotoxemia; supportive shoeing; low doses of intramuscular acepromazine; and pentoxifylline.

Prevention

While a vaccine is available for PHF, it does not cover all strains of the bacterium, and recent vaccine failures seem to be on the rise. Additionally, the vaccine usually produces a very weak immune response, which may only lessen the severity of the disease rather than prevent itPascoa, Elaine. "PHF Prevention." "Practical Horseman" July 2008: 60-66.] .The vaccine is administered twice a year, in early spring and in early summer, with the first one innoculation given before the mayflies emerge and the second administered as a boosterPascoa, Elaine. "PHF Prevention." "Practical Horseman" July 2008: 60-66.] .

Some veterinarians have started making recommendations for farm management to try to prevent this disease:
* Maintaining riparian barriers along bodies of water may encourage aquatic insects to stay near their places of originPascoa, Elaine. "PHF Prevention." "Practical Horseman" July 2008: 60-66.] .
* Turning off outside lights around the barn will prevent insects from being attractedPascoa, Elaine. "PHF Prevention." "Practical Horseman" July 2008: 60-66.] .
* Cleaning water buckets and feed areas frequently and keeping food covered will reduce the chance that the horse will accidentally ingest infected insects.

References