Jean Lanfray

Jean Lanfray (1873/74 – February 26, 1906) was a Swiss laborer convicted of murdering his pregnant wife and two children in a drunken rage on the afternoon of August 28, 1905. It was later revealed by police that he had drunk an excessive amount of wine and hard liquors that morning, along with two ounces of absinthe. However, due to the moral panic against absinthe in Europe at that time, his murders were blamed solely on the influence of absinthe, leading to a moral panic and a petition to ban absinthe in Switzerland shortly after the murders. The petition received 82,000 signatures and absinthe was banned in Vaud shortly thereafter. A 1908 constitutional referendum led to absinthe being banned in all of Switzerland, and absinthe was banned in most European countries (and the United States) before the outbreak of World War I.

The murders

During lunch on August 28, 1905, Lanfray consumed seven glasses of wine, six glasses of cognac, one coffee laced with brandy, two crème de menthes, and two glasses of absinthe after eating a sandwich [cite web
url= http://www.feeverte.net/absinthe-history2.html
title= Absinthe at la Fée Verte: Verdigris Wings Under Glass
accessdate= 2008-01-19
accessdaymonth= 01
accessmonthday= 19
accessyear= 2008
author= Jamie Kiffel
last= Kiffel
first= Jamie
date= 1997-2003
language= English] . He returned home drunk with his father, and drank another coffee with brandy. He then got into an argument with his wife, and asked his wife to polish his shoes for him. When she refused, Lanfray retrieved a rifle and shot her once in the head, killing her instantly, causing his father to flee. His four-year-old daughter, Rose, heard the noise and ran into the room, where Lanfray shot and killed her and his two-year-old daughter, Blanche. He then shot himself in the jaw and carried Blanche's body to the garden, where he collapsed. [ cite book
last = Conrad
first = Barnaby
title = Absinthe: History in a Bottle
origdate =
origyear =
origmonth =
accessdate = 19
accessyear = 2008
accessmonth = 01
date = 01
year = 1997
month = 02
publisher = Chronicle Books
language = English
isbn = 0811816508
pages = pp. 1-2 ]

He was discovered minutes later by police after his father notified the police. After being taken to a hospital, Lanfray eventually recovered and was put on trial for murder.

Trial and death

The trial started on February 23, 1906 and ended that same day. It was argued by his attorneys that the two ounces of absinthe he consumed prior to the murders were solely to blame for his actions; Dr. Albert Mahaim, a leading Swiss psychologist, testified that Lanfray suffered from "a classic case of absinthe madness".cite book
last = Conrad
first = Barnaby
title = Absinthe: History in a Bottle
origdate =
origyear =
origmonth =
accessdate = 19
accessyear = 2008
accessmonth = 01
date = 01
year = 1997
month = 02
publisher = Chronicle Books
language = English
isbn = 0811816508
pages = pp. 4 ] However, the prosecuter, Alfred Obrist, argued that the two ounces of absinthe he had ingested were minor in relation to the large amounts of other alcoholic beverages he had consumed that day.cite book
last = Conrad
first = Barnaby
title = Absinthe: History in a Bottle
origdate =
origyear =
origmonth =
accessdate = 19
accessyear = 2008
accessmonth = 01
date = 01
year = 1997
month = 02
publisher = Chronicle Books
language = English
isbn = 0811816508
pages = pp. 4 ]

Lanfray was eventually found guilty on all three counts of murder and received thirty years' imprisonment.cite book
last = Conrad
first = Barnaby
title = Absinthe: History in a Bottle
origdate =
origyear =
origmonth =
accessdate = 19
accessyear = 2008
accessmonth = 01
date = 01
year = 1997
month = 02
publisher = Chronicle Books
language = English
isbn = 0811816508
pages = pp. 4 ] Due to his intoxicated state at the time of the murders, he did not face capital punishment.

Three days after the trial, on February 26, 1906, Lanfray committed suicide by hanging in his prison cell.cite book
last = Conrad
first = Barnaby
title = Absinthe: History in a Bottle
origdate =
origyear =
origmonth =
accessdate = 19
accessyear = 2008
accessmonth = 01
date = 01
year = 1997
month = 02
publisher = Chronicle Books
language = English
isbn = 0811816508
pages = pp. 4 ]

Public reaction

The Lanfray case received an astonishing amount of coverage, especially by Europe's temperance movement. It set off a moral panic against absinthe in Switzerland and other countries. A petition to ban absinthe in Switzerland received 82,000 signatures, and on May 15, 1906, the Vaud legislature voted to ban absinthe.cite book
last = Conrad
first = Barnaby
title = Absinthe: History in a Bottle
origdate =
origyear =
origmonth =
accessdate = 19
accessyear = 2008
accessmonth = 01
date = 01
year = 1997
month = 02
publisher = Chronicle Books
language = English
isbn = 0811816508
pages = pp. 4 ] Following pressure from cafe owners and absinthe manufacturers, a referendum to reverse this decision was launched, but failed 23,062 to 16,025. On February 2, 1907, the Grand Conseil voted to ban the retail sale of absinthe, including its imitations.cite book
last = Conrad
first = Barnaby
title = Absinthe: History in a Bottle
origdate =
origyear =
origmonth =
accessdate = 19
accessyear = 2008
accessmonth = 01
date = 01
year = 1997
month = 02
publisher = Chronicle Books
language = English
isbn = 0811816508
pages = pg. 4 ] Finally, on July 5, 1908, Article 32 to the Swiss Constitution was proposed, which would prohibit manufacturing or possession on absinthe in Switzerland. The article was added following a referendum, in which it won by 241,078 to 139,699 votes, and would be effective October 7, 1910. Eventually, similar incidents led to bans on absinthe in every European country (except the United Kingdom and Spain) as well as the United States.

References