Cyprus wine

The Cypriot wine industry ranks 37th in the world in terms of total production quantity (37,500 tonnes). [cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Wine production by country | date=2005 | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | url =http://faostat.fao.org/ | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2007-02-19 | language = ] , and much higher on a per capita basis. Although, chronologically, Cyprus belongs to the "old world" of wine producing countries, the industry has gone through changes that place it more on par with the "new world". [cite news | first=Helena | last=Baker | coauthors= | title=Worlds apart | date=2006-06-07 | publisher= | url =http://www.praguepost.com/articles/2006/06/07/worlds-apart.php | work = The Prague Post | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-23 | language = ] The wine industry is a significant contributor to the Cypriot economy through cultivation, production, employment, export and tourism.

Overview

Cyprus has been a vine growing and wine producing country for millennia. Internationally, it is best known for Commandaria wine. Most wine production remains based on a few varieties of local grapes such as Mavro and Xynisteri "(see table below)" although international varieties are also cultivated.

History

The history of wine in Cyprus can be broken down into four distinct periods.

Ancient

Exactly how far back wine production in Cyprus goes is unknown. Wine was being traded at least as early as 2300 BC, the date of a shipwreck (similar to the Kyrenia ship) carrying over 2,500 amphorae, discovered in 1999. Its origin and destination are unknown, but must have been along the trade route between Greece and Egypt. [ cite journal|title=Special Report: Deepest Wreck|journal=Archaeology (Archaeological Institute of America)|date=March /April 2001|first=Brett|last=Phaneuf|coauthors=Thomas Dettweiler, Thomas Bethge|volume=54|issue=2|pages=|id= |url=http://www.archaeology.org/0103/etc/wreck.html|format=|accessdate=2007-02-19]

More recently, two discoveries have put that date back by a few more years. The first was the discovery of a Bronze Age (2500-2000 BC) perfumery near the village of Pyrgos. [cite news | first=Tabitha | last=Morgan | coauthors= | title=Bronze Age perfume 'discovered' | date=2005-03-19 | publisher= | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4364469.stm | work =BBC | pages = | accessdate = 2007-02-19 | language = ;] [ cite news | first=Michael | last=Theodoulou | coauthors= | title=Archaeological dig sniffs out world's oldest perfumery | date=2005-02-25 | publisher= | url =http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=212432005&format=print | work =Scotsman | pages = | accessdate = 2007-02-19 | language = ] Near this perfumery, an olive press, a winery, and copper smelting works were also discovered. Wine containers and even the seeds of grapes were unearthed. [cite news | first=Demetra | last=Molyva | coauthors= | title=Most ancient wine in the Mediterranean is Cypriot | date=2005-05-14 | publisher=Stampa | url =http://www.stampa.cnr.it/documenti/cnrWeb/2005/Mag/16_mag_05_12.htm | work =Cyprus Weekly | pages = | accessdate = 2007-02-19 | language = ]

The second discovery involved an intriguing sequence of events. Dr. Porphyrios Dikaios, a major figure in Cypriot archaeology and once curator of the Cyprus Museum, had carried out excavations on the outskirts of Erimi village between 1932 and 1935. During these excavations, several fragments of round flasks were unearthed (amongst other artefacts). These pottery fragments ended up in the stores of the Cyprus Museum still unwashed in wooden boxes. They were dated to the chalcolithic period (between 3500BC-3000BC). In 2005, well after Dr Dikaios’ death, the chemical signatures of 18 of these were examined by a team of Italian archaeologists led by Maria-Rosaria Belgiorno. Twelve of these showed traces of tartaric acid (a component of wine) proving that the 5,500-year-old vases were used for wine. [ cite journal|title=Cyprus 'first to make wine'|journal=Decanter|date=May 16, 2005|first=|last=|coauthors=|volume=|issue=|pages=|id= |url=http://www.decanter.com/news/64026.html|format=|accessdate=2007-02-19] [cite news | first=Leo | last=Leonidou | coauthors= | title=The Mediterranean’s oldest winemakers | date=2005-05-17 | publisher= | url =http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=19917&archive=1 | work =Cyprus Mail | pages = | accessdate = 2007-02-19 | language = ]

Medieval to 1878

As expected, the history of wine on the island closely relates to its political and administrative history. During the Lusignan occupation, the island had close ties with the Crusader nations and especially the nobility of France. During this period, Commandaria wine won the Battle of the Wines, the first recorded wine tasting competition, which was staged by the French king Philip Augustus in the 13^th century. The event was recorded in a poem by Henry d'Andeli in 1224. [ cite web|url=http://cheiron.mcmaster.ca/%7Ehyperliste/xml/bataille.xml |title=La bataille des vins |accessdate=2007-03-24 |last=d'Andeli |first=Henri |date=1224 AD |language=French ]

During the Ottoman occupation of the island, wine production went into decline. This was attributed to two factors: Islamic tradition and heavy taxation. Indicative are reports written mainly by French [ cite web|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=0hapPk7fW-rBiqoWXM&id=Oy_GEPztR5IC&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106&dq=limassol+port&as_brr=1 |title=Voyage en Grèce et en Turquie, fait par ordre de Louis XVI (pp106) |accessdate=2007-05-10 |last=Sigisbert |first=Charles |date=1801 |format=PDF |work=GoogleBooks (fulltext) |publisher=Chez F. Buisson |language=French ] and British travelers of the time; Cyrus Redding writes in 1851:"the vine grower of Cyprus hides from his neighbour the amount of his vintage, and always buries part of his produce for concealment; the exactions of the government are so great, that his profit upon what he allows to be seen is too little to remunerate him for his loss in time and labour. " [ cite web|url=http://www.google.co.uk/books?vid=OCLC01879433&id=O8sic1gl_wkC&pg=PA289&lpg=PA289&dq=cyprus+wine#PPA36,M1 |title=A History and Description of Modern Wine (see p.36) |accessdate=2007-05-10 |last=Redding |first=Cyrus |date=1851 |format=PDF |work=GoogleBooks (fulltext) |publisher=H. G. Bohn ] The quality of the wine produced also lagged behind times with Samuel Baker referring to Cypriot wines in 1879 "It should be understood that no quality of Cyprus wines is suitable to the English palate". [cite book | author = Samuel W. Baker | title = Cyprus, as I Saw it in 1879 | page = 271 | year = 1879 | publisher = Project Gutenberg (Etext edition, 2003) | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3656]

1878-1980

1878 marked the handover of the island form Ottoman rule to the British Empire. British occupation brought a revival in the winemaking industry. Taxation rules changed and the local cottage industry began to expand. 1844 saw the foundation of one of the largest wineries surviving to date, that of ETKO by the Hadjipavlou family. [cite news | first=George | last=Kassianos | coauthors= | title=New blood and a renewed vision | date=Sunday, September 28, 2003 | publisher= | url =http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main_old.php?id=11301&archive=1 | work =Cyprus Mail | pages = | accessdate = 2007-05-10 | language = ] The Chaplin family (at Per Pedhi) was Hadjipavlou’s main competitor until the arrival of KEO a company formed by a group of prominent local businessmen. KEO bought the Chaplin winery in 1928. In 1943, following a strike, a breakaway of trade union members from ETKO created a cooperative, LOEL. [ cite web|url=http://www.loel.com.cy/about_loel.php |title=LOEL Ltd - Company profile on home website |accessdate=2007-11-03 ] In 1947 the vine-growers themselves created SODAP, a co-operative to "protect the rights of the growers" [ cite web|url=http://www.sodap.com.cy/ |title=SODAP Ltd - Company profile on home website |accessdate=2007-11-03 ] . These ‘’big four’’ wine producers (a term widely used to refer to KEO, ETKO, SODAP and LOEL [ cite journal|title=Join the revolution|journal=Lincolnshire Echo|date=Aug 11, 2006|first=|last=|coauthors=|volume=|issue=|pages=|id= |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-11-03 ] ) dominated the industry scene and survive to date.

The first wave of expansion for Cypriot wines came with the misfortunes of the European viticulture sector. The phylloxera epidemic that affected mainland Europe in the late 19th century had destroyed the majority of wine producing vines. Cyprus, an island with strict quarantine controls managed to remain unaffected [cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Cyprus wine comes of age | date=1994-01-13 | publisher=CatererSearch | url =http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/1994/01/13/5877/cyprus-wine-comes-of-age.html | work =Caterer and Hotelkeeper (Archive) | pages = | accessdate = 2007-11-01 | language = ] . As a consequence, demand for Cyprus grapes and wines coupled to the relatively high prices offered resulted in a mini boom for the industry. Further demand early in the early 20th century came from local consumption and from the regional forces of Britain and France in the Middle East. Cyprus produced quality cheap wine and spirits (mainly in the form of "Cyprus brandy") and the big four companies prospered as a result.

The next big export product came in the form of Cyprus Sherry. It was first marketed by that name in 1937 and was exported mainly to northern Europe. By the 1960s, Britain was consuming 13.6 million litres of Cyprus wines, half the island's production, mostly as sweet sherry. A British market research study of fortified wines in 1978 showed Emva cream was the leading Cyprus sherry in terms of brand recognition, and second in that market only to Harveys' Bristol Cream. Citation| first= | last=| coauthors=| contribution=Appellations of Origin in Spain and France during the Twentieth Century. Quality and Reputation in Sherry Wine.| title=9th Annual Conference of the European Business History Association| editor-first=Eva| editor-last=Fernandez-Garcia| coeditors=| publisher=| place=| pages=| date=| year=| id= | contribution-url= http://www.ata.boun.edu.tr/ehes/Istanbul%20Conference%20Papers-%20May%202005/E.Fernandez.pdf| format=PDF| accessdate=2007-11-03 ] The island became the UK's third leading wine supplier behind France and Spain. [ cite journal|title=Lionheart's liquid legacy|journal=The Times|date=Oct 1, 2002. |first=Michael|last=Knipe|coauthors=|volume=|issue=|pages=35|id= |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-11-03 ] A major factor was that Cyprus Sherry was more affordable than Spanish Sherry as British taxation favoured alcoholic beverages with an alcoholic content below the 15.5-18% bracket. Citation| first= | last=| coauthors=| contribution=Appellations of Origin in Spain and France during the Twentieth Century. Quality and Reputation in Sherry Wine.| title=9th Annual Conference of the European Business History Association| editor-first=Eva| editor-last=Fernandez-Garcia| coeditors=| publisher=| place=| pages=| date=| year=| id= | contribution-url= http://www.ata.boun.edu.tr/ehes/Istanbul%20Conference%20Papers-%20May%202005/E.Fernandez.pdf| format=PDF| accessdate=2007-11-03 ] This competitive advantage was lost a few years later with the re-banding of the alcohol content taxation. The fortified wine market also began to shrink as a whole due to a change in consumer taste and as a result Cyprus sherry sales in the UK fell from their peak in the early 1970’s by some 65% by the mid 1980’s. Citation| first= | last=| coauthors=| contribution=Appellations of Origin in Spain and France during the Twentieth Century. Quality and Reputation in Sherry Wine.| title=9th Annual Conference of the European Business History Association| editor-first=Eva| editor-last=Fernandez-Garcia| coeditors=| publisher=| place=| pages=| date=| year=| id= | contribution-url= http://www.ata.boun.edu.tr/ehes/Istanbul%20Conference%20Papers-%20May%202005/E.Fernandez.pdf| format=PDF| accessdate=2007-11-03 ] The final blow came when the EC ruled that as of January 1996 only fortified wine from Jerez could assume the title of sherry. [ cite journal|title=Sherry gets real|journal=The Independent. |date=Jan 13, 1996|first=Anthony|last=Rose|coauthors=|volume=|issue=|pages=42|id= |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-4772539.html|format=|accessdate=2007-11-03 ]

The other big market for Cyprus wine during the same period was the former Soviet block. [cite news | first=Ron | last=Kapon | coauthors= | title= Cyprus Wines- 1,000 Years of History | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.localwineevents.com/Wine-Articles/310-1.html | work =localwineevents.com | pages = | accessdate = | language = ] Large volumes of low quality, mass produced, blended wines were sold to the eastern block with the cooperative wine producers (LOEL and SODAP) taking the lion’s share. This market began to dry up in the 1980s and vanished altogether with the fall of communism. [cite news | first=Leo | last=Leonidou | coauthors= | title=Quality not quantity | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=27446&cat_id=5 | work =Cyprus Mail | pages = | accessdate = | language = ] Indicative of the industry's mass production tactics comes in a report by The Times in 1968 commenting on "the end of an underwater pipeline off the coast of Limassol linking to tankers taking on not gas or oil but wine - 100 tons an hour of it - destined for about 40 countries throughout the world. [cite news | first=Arthur | last=Reed | coauthors= | title=Pipeline Wine | date=Wednesday, Jun 19, 1968 | publisher= | url =http://www.galeuk.com/times/ | work =The Times Digital Archive | pages =pg. V; Issue 57281; col A | accessdate = 2008-05-02 | language = ]

1980 onwards

In response to the challenges faced by the industry the Cyprus vine-products commission began efforts to overhaul the sector in order to help it survive under the new circumstances. Reforms were intended to improve the quality rather than quantity of wine. Three initiatives were launched:

# Firstly, new varieties of grapes were introduced and (financial) incentives given for their cultivation. The varieties introduced were considered more suitable for quality wine production intended for wines more palatable to overseas markets (than local grapes). Examples include grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Carignan Noir and Palomino "(see complete table below)".
#Secondly, incentives were given to create small regional wineries with a production capacity of 50,000 to 300,000 bottles per year [ cite web|url=http://www.cyprustrade.co.uk/foreign_trade/wines__spirits.html |title=Wines & Spirits - Regional Wineries |accessdate=2008-02-14 |publisher=Cyprus High Commission Trade Centre ] . This intended to promote better quality wines by reducing the distance grapes travelled from vineyard to winery [cite news | first=Caroline | last=Gilby | coauthors= | title=A new era for Cyprus | date=2006-08-11 | publisher= | url =http://www.harpers.co.uk/features/3455/A-new-era-for-Cyprus-by-Caroli.ehtml | work =Harpers | pages = | accessdate = 2007-11-09 | language = ] . The big four wineries were located in the large port cities of Limassol and Paphos so vine growers were forced to transport their harvest for miles in the summer heat. This had an effect on the quality of wine as the fermentation process had already begun during transport. [ cite web|url=http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?cid=212 |title=Cyprus and Her Wines |accessdate=2007-11-09 |work=Wine&Dine ] The knock on effect of this incentive also helped maintain the village population in the vine cultivating regions.
#Thirdly a new "Appellation of Origin" was launched in 2007. [ cite web|url=http://www.wpc.org.cy/downloads/OEOP_leaflet.pdf |title=Appelation of Origin - Οίνοι Ελεγχόμενης Ονομασίας Προέλευσης (Ο.Ε.Ο.Π.) |accessdate=2007-11-09 |format=PDF |publisher=Vine Products Commission |language=Greek ]

Quality levels and appellation system

The Cyprus vine products council has based wine denominations on European Union law [ cite journal|title=List of quality wines produced in specified regions|journal=Official Journal of the European Union|date=0/05/2007 |first=|last=|coauthors=|volume=C106|issue=|pages=page 44|id= |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:106:0001:0073:EN:PDF|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-02-14 ] and is responsible for enforcing the regulations. Currently there are three accepted categories:

#Table wine. This is similar to the Vin de Table in France or Vino di Tavola in Italy.
#Local wine ("Επιτραπέζιος Οίνος με Γεωγραφική Ένδειξη") which follows in similar fashion to the French Vin de pays and the Italian Indicazione Geografica Tipica. Regulations state that 85% of the grapes used in the production of such wine originates from the specific geographical regions and from the registered vineyards. Vines must be more that 4 years old with a controlled annual yield per cultivated hectare (55 hl/hectare or 70 hl/hectare depending on grape variety). Red wine must have a minimum of 11% alcohol content whilst rose and white wine a minimum of 10%. [ cite web|url=http://www.wpc.org.cy/downloads/topikoi_oinoi_leaflet.pdf |title=Τοπικοί Οίνοι (Local wine) |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=pdf |publisher=Vine Products Council of Cyprus |language=Greek ] There are four such designated areas: Lefkosia, Lemesos, Larnaca and Paphos.
#Protected designation of origin (or O.E.O.Π. standing for "Οίνοι Ελεγχόμενης Ονομασίας Προέλευσης") is the most prestigious designation and in theory indicates a higher quality product. It is modelled on the French Appellation d'origine contrôlée, whereas the Italian equivalent is the Denominazione di origine controllata. Wines with this designation must originate from registered vineyards of an altitude above 600 or 750 meters depending on location. Vines should be more than 5 years old and yield is restricted to 36 or 45 hl per hectare depending on grape variety. There are further regulations dictating the grape composition and ageing process. [ cite web|url=http://www.wpc.org.cy/downloads/OEOP_leaflet.pdf |title=Οίνοι Ελεγχόμενης Ονομασίας Προέλευσης (Ο.Ε.Ο.Π.) |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=pdf |publisher=Vine Products Council of Cyprus |language=Greek ]

Grape varieties

The climate allows for cultivation of most grape varieties. However local varietals (Mavro and Xynisteri) constitute the bulk of current plantations. Maratheftiko is an ancient grape varietal that is currently being revived. [cite news | first=David | last=Levin | coauthors= | title=The Wines of Aphrodite's Isle | date= 2000-11-01 | publisher=Wine Communications Group | url =http://www.winebusiness.com/html/MonthlyArticle.cfm?dataId=3582 | work =Wine Business Monthly | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-23 | language = ]

Table showing areas and quantities cultivated by Vines for Wines by variety: [ cite web|url=http://www.euroqualityfiles.net/cecap/Report%201/Section%201%20country%20report/CEECAP%20report%201%20section%201%20CYPRUS.pdf#search=%22maratheftiko%20grape%22 |title=Monitoring of Agricaultural policy market and trade developments in Cyprus |accessdate=2007-03-24 |date=December 2005 |format=PDF |publisher=Agripolicy.net ]

	Variety	2004 Cultivation (decares)	2004 Quantity (kg) [Figures reflect quantities in kilograms delivered to local wineries (does not include grapes used for other purposes e.g. sultana production, grape juice production etc.) ]	% of total	2003 Quantity (kg)	% of total
1	Mavro	92,140	35,690,050	49.6	33,124,678	52.5
2	Xynisteri	26,573	11,102,700	15.4	6,750,800	10.7
3	Carignan Noir	26,573	8,894,350	12.4	7,609,261	12.1
4	Cabernet [Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc combined]	8,129	2,446,508	3.4	1,435,575	2.3
5	Malaga	3,786	1,501,930	2.1	1,551,251	2.5
6	Mataro	2,331	1,196,940	1.7	1,946,431	3.1
7	Shiraz	1,968	149,750	0.2	60,656	0.1
8	Ofthalmo	1,843	1,119,800	1.6	1,122,278	1.8
9	Palomino	1,800	2,509,350	3.5	2,189,155	3.5
10	Grenache Noir	1,768	960,611	1.3	1,007,031	1.6
11	Alicante Bouschet	1,509	589,105	0.8	527,685	0.8
12	Oeillade	1,281	526,735	0.7	500,540	0.8
13	Maratheftiko	1,249	204,660	0.3	185,961	0.3
	Total [Includes several other less common varieties not listed in table]	159,076	71,996,587		63,083,177

External links

* "The Cyprus wine story" - Information material from the Cyprus Tourism board. [http://www.visitcyprus.org.cy/ctoweb/ctowebtradesection.nsf/PublicationsLookupeng/F056E8E1CBF02425C2256EEB0037674B/$FILE/WINE%20ENGLISHfinal.pdf]
* "Bacchus Association of the Regional Wine Producers of Cyprus." [http://www.cypruswineries.com/]
* "Cyprus vine-products Commission - in Greek" [http://www.wpc.org.cy/]

References