Sympathetic resonance

Sympathetic resonance

Sympathetic resonance is a harmonic phenomenon wherein a formerly passive string or vibratory body responds to external vibrations to which it has a harmonic likeness. The classic example is demonstrated with two similar tuning-forks of which one is mounted on a wooden box. If the other one is struck and then placed on the box, then muted, the un-struck mounted fork will be heard. In similar fashion will strings respond to the external vibrations of a tuning-fork when sufficient harmonic relations exists between the respective vibratory modes. A unison or octave will provoke the largest response as there is maximum likeness in vibratory motion. Other links through shared resonances occur at the fifth and third though with less effect. The principle of sympathetic resonanance has been applied in musical instruments from many cultures and times. Apart from the basic principle at work on instruments with many undamped strings, such as harps, lutes, guitars and pianos with the dampers raised, other instruments are fitted with extra choirs of sympathetic strings, which respond with a silvery halo to the tones played on the main strings.

Lewcock "et al."(2006) states that:

The property of sympathetic vibration is encountered in its direct form in room acoustics in the rattling of window panes, light shades and movable panels in the presence of very loud sounds, such as may occasionally be produced by a full organ. As these things rattle (or even if they do not audibly rattle) sound energy is being converted into mechanical energy, and so the sound is absorbed. Wood panelling and anything else that is lightweight and relatively unrestrained have the same effect. Absorptivity is at its highest at the resonance frequency, usually near or below 100 Hz.

Arden Wilken on his website provides a significant example of the power of resonance:

The power of resonance can be seen dramatically in what occurred in 1940 to the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in the State of Washington, USA. The wind created a tone as it blew across the valley, which happened to be the natural frequency of the bridge itself. This resonance created by the wind led to the total collapse of the bridge.

A film of the bridge in the process of collapsing showed it undulating wildly in a continuous wave, appearing to be made out of ribbon instead of concrete and steel. The wind set the bridge in motion - at its own structural resonance frequency. In this case, unfortunately, the gradual build-up of vibration overcame the bounds of elasticity so that the bridge eventually collapsed. The wind set it in motion, just as it may set off a spider in its own web, bouncing to and fro at the resonance-frequency of the web with the spider in that particular place. If the spider could move away from that spot, the bouncing would stop.An example of proper sympathetic resonance is a windowpane rattling seadily at the very low powerful sound of a bus or truck engine going stationary. The rattling will usually occur at a higher harmonic of the sound made by the engine. As soon as the driver changes into gear the rattling will stop, often changing its rhythm before it stops altogether. Powerful sopranos bursting wineglasses fits in to the same category - sympathetic resonance at a distance.

tring resonance in music instruments

String resonance occurs on string instruments. Strings or parts of strings may resonate at their fundamental or overtone frequencies when other strings are sounded. For example, an A string at 440 Hz will cause an E string at 330 Hz to resonate, because they share an overtone of 1320 Hz (3rd overtone of A and 4th overtone of E).

According to Grove Music Online (2007) article on "Duplex Scaling", Steinway progressed a system of Aliquot scaling to provide sympathetic resonance with the intention of enriching the treble register of the pianoforte. In the 'octave duplex' piano by Hoerr of Toronto, each note had four strings, of which two, three or four could potentially be struck by the hammer depending on the depression of one of four pedals. Steinway’s duplex scale was precipitated a half century earlier by an experiment conducted by the German piano maker Wilhelm Leberecht Petzoldt, in which a small bridge was placed behind the standard larger one with the intention of maximizing the potential additional resonance of a sympathetically vibrating additional length of string.

References

*http://www.ardenwilken.com/about_soundheals.htm (accessed: Wednesday January 17, 2007)
*
*Lewcock, Ronald, Rijn Pirn (with Jürgen Meyer), "et al." (2006). "Acoustics: Resonance, reverberation and absorption". Oxford University Press. Grove Music Online. Source: http://www.grovemusic.com/shared/views/article.html?section=music.00134.1.3#music.00134.1.3 (accessed: Wednesday January 17, 2007)


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем сделать НИР

Look at other dictionaries:

  • sympathetic resonance — A harmonic beat that develops when the natural vibration frequency of one mechanism is in phase with a vibration of another mechanism that is somehow coupled. In helicopters, the rotor system has its own vibration resonant frequency that… …   Aviation dictionary

  • Sympathetic string — Sympathetic strings or resonance strings are auxiliary strings found on many Indian musical instruments, as well as some Western Baroque instruments and a variety of folk instruments. They are typically not played directly by the performer… …   Wikipedia

  • resonance — The energetic vibration of a body produced by application of a periodic force of nearly the same frequency as that of the free vibration of the affected body. It is the condition of two bodies adjusted to have the same frequency of vibration.… …   Aviation dictionary

  • resonance — [rez′ə nəns] n. [LME resonnaunce < MFr resonance < L resonantia, an echo] 1. the quality or state of being resonant 2. reinforcement and prolongation of a sound or musical tone by reflection or by sympathetic vibration of other bodies 3. a) …   English World dictionary

  • resonance theory — n 1) a theory of hearing: different sections of the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti are tuned to different vibration rates and set up sympathetic vibrations that stimulate sensory nerve endings when the cochlear endolymph is vibrating at a …   Medical dictionary

  • Resonance — This article is about resonance in physics. For other uses, see Resonance (disambiguation). Resonant redirects here. For the phonological term, see Sonorant. Increase of amplitude as damping decreases and frequency approaches resonant frequency… …   Wikipedia

  • sympathetic — adj. & n. adj. 1 of, showing, or expressing sympathy. 2 due to sympathy. 3 likeable or capable of evoking sympathy. 4 (of a person) friendly and cooperative. 5 (foll. by to) inclined to favour (a proposal etc.) (was most sympathetic to the idea) …   Useful english dictionary

  • sympathetic — /sɪmpəˈθɛtɪk / (say simpuh thetik) adjective 1. characterised by, proceeding from, exhibiting, or feeling sympathy; sympathising; compassionate. 2. acting or affected by, of the nature of, or relating to a special natural sympathy or affinity;… …  

  • resonance — 1. Sympathetic or forced vibration of air in the cavities above, below, in front of, or behind a source of sound; in speech, modification of the quality ( e.g., harmonics) of a tone by the passage of air through the chambers of the nose, pharynx …   Medical dictionary

  • resonance — res•o•nance [[t]ˈrɛz ə nəns[/t]] n. 1) the state or quality of being resonant 2) the prolongation of sound by reflection; reverberation 3) phn a) amplification of a source of speech sounds, esp. of phonation, by sympathetic vibration of the air,… …   From formal English to slang

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”