10th Special Forces Group (United States)

Infobox Military Unit
unit_name= 10th Special Forces Group


caption=10th Special Forces Group beret flash
dates= 19 June 1952 - Present
country= United States of America
allegiance= United States of America
branch= United States Army
type=
role=
size=
command_structure=
garrison=Fort Carson
garrison_label=
equipment=
equipment_label=
nickname=
patron=
motto=
colors=
colors_label=
march=
mascot=
battles=Congo Vietnam {units} Somalia Persian Gulf War Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Iraqi Freedom
anniversaries=
decorations=
battle_honours=
current_commander=
current_commander_label=
ceremonial_chief=
ceremonial_chief_label=
colonel_of_the_regiment=
colonel_of_the_regiment_label=
notable_commanders= Colonel Aaron Bank
identification_symbol=
identification_symbol_label=
identification_symbol_2=
identification_symbol_2_label=

The 10th Special Forces Group (Airborne) is a special forces unit, specialized in unconventional warfare, within the United States Army. The 10th Special Forces Group is responsible for operations within the EUCOM area of responsibility, as part of the Special Operations Command, Europe (SOCEUR).cite web|title=10th Special Forces Group (Airborne)|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/10sfg.htm|accessdate=May 10|accessyear=2008]

10th SFG was formed on June 19th, 1952, at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, with Colonel Aaron Bank in command.cite web|title=10th SFG Official History |url=www.soc.mil/SF/history.pdf|accessdate=May 10|accessyear=2008] The Group was split in 1953, with one half being sent to Germany, while the other half remained in Fort Bragg to form the core of the 77th Special Forces Group. In 1968, the majority of the unit transferred to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, with the exception of 1st Battalion, which remained in Germany. Between 1994 and 1995, 10th SFG moved to Fort Carson, Colorado, which remains its current home.

10th Special Forces Group began training with unconventional warfare groups from friendly countries in the 1960s, beginning with NATO allies. The Group has also trained various components of the militaries of several Middle Eastern countries, including Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, Iran, as well as Kurdish tribesmen. Units of the 10th SFG have participated in humanitarian missions to the Congo, Somalia, and Rwanda. 10th SFG was deployed to Saudi Arabia in 1991 during the First Persian Gulf War.

History

1950s

In 1950, the Lodge Act was passed, which provided for the recruiting of foreign nationals into the United States military. It was originally planned that half of the members of the Special Forces would be native Europeans. Many of the initial members of the 10th SFG were Lodge Act recruits, who were strenuously anti-Communist. Citation
last = Southworth
first = Samuel A.
title = U.S. Special Forces
publisher = Da Capo Press
year = 2002
isbn =0306811650.] Among the more notable of these men was MAJ. Larry Thorne, a former Finnish Army soldier who was awarded the Mannerheim Cross during World War II.

By the end of June 1952, the group had 122 officers and men assigned to the unit. Many were former OSS, Ranger, and Airborne troopers during World War II. The group's mission was to conduct partisan warfare behind Soviet lines in the event of a Soviet invasion of Europe. Citation
last = Pushies
first = Fred J.
author2-link =
title = U.S. Army Special Forces
publisher = Zenith Press
year = 2001
isbn =0760308624 .]

On 10 November, 1953, the 10th SFG was split in half, with one half deployed to Bad Tölz and Lenggries West Germany, and the other half remaining in Fort Bragg, which formed the 77th Special Forces Group (which in 1960 became the 7th Special Forces Group).In August 1956, 10th Group was relocated to West Berlin, under the 7761 Army Unit (which later came to be known as 39th SFOD).

The green beret was authorized for wear by COL Eckman, the Group commander, in 1954, and it became group policy. By 1955, every soldier in the unit wore a green beret as part of the uniform. However, the Department of the Army did not recognize the beret as headgear. The DA banned the wear of the beret, but it was later restored by President Kennedy, a major champion on the special forces. Citation
last = Moore
first = Robin
title = The Green Berets: The Amazing Story of the U. S. Army's Elite Special Forces Unit
publisher = Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.
year = 2007
isbn =1602390177.]

The 10th SFG encountered publicity for the first time in 1955 when the New York Times published two articles about the unit, describing them as a "liberation" force designed to fight behind enemy lines. Pictures showed soldiers of the group wearing their berets, with their faces blacked out to conceal their identity.

1960s

The A teams of 10th Group began exchange training with unconventional forces in friendly countries, including United Kingdom, Germany, France, Norway, Spain, Italy, and Greece. This training taught 10th Group soldiers how to subsist on native food, and built valuable rapport with the host nation forces.

In the summer of 1960, 10th Group deployed to the newly independent Congo, to evacuate Americans and Europeans to Leopoldville, where there would be a larger evacuation, led by Belgian paratroopers. The group evacuated 239 civilians without a single casualty in only nine days.

As the United States became more and more involved in Vietnam, counter-insurgency became the primary focus of the Special Forces, rather than the traditional unconventional warfare. While 10th SFG was never deployed to Vietnam, the soldiers and officers assigned to it did rotate through the country as part of different special forces groups. Citation
last = Hagerman
first = Bart
title = U.S.A. Airborne: 50th Anniversary
publisher = Turner Publishing Company
year = 1997
isbn =0938021907.]

During the Vietnam War, detachments of 10th Group began training Middle Eastern special warfare forces. In Jordan, B Detachment established the first airborne school, and King Hussein attended the graduation parachute jump. In 1963, Company C of 10th Group trained 350 officers and NCOs of a guerrilla force fighting the socialist government in Yemen. Detachments also traveled to Iran to train the Iranian Special Forces, along with Kurdish tribesmen in the mountains of Iran. A Teams also trained Turkish and Pakistani special forces.

In 1968, the 10th Special Forces Group, minus the 1st Battalion, was transferred to Fort Devens, Massachusetts. 1st Battalion remained in Bad Tölz, Germany.

1970s - 1980s

Following the military cuts after the end of the Vietnam War, operational deployments decreased in both number and frequency. However 10th Group still deployed frequently to Europe to train with NATO allies.

From 11 May 1983 to 25 October 1985, 10th Group deployed 17 Mobile Training Teams (MTT) to Lebanon, to support the Lebanese Army. The teams created a training program for over 5,000 officers, NCOs, and soldiers, which included basic training sites, unit training, unit combined arms live fire training, and urban live fire training. The entry of the Syrian Army into Lebanon ended the program prematurely.

An MTT from the 1st Battalion, Bad Tolz, Germany deployed to Somalia for four months to conduct disaster relief operations in June 1985. In 1986, a detachment of 10th Group trained the nucleus of the Nigerian Airborne forces.

The 10th SFG was the leading force behind the development of the M25 sniper rifle in the late 1980s, at Fort Devens. The rifle is an improvement on the previous M21 sniper rifle, itself a modification of the M14 semi-automatic rifle.

1990s - 2000s

Following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, an MTT deployed to Kuwait to train the Saudi Arabian National Guard. During the Battle of Khafji, the MTT accompanied the SANG forces into battle, coordinated troop movements, called in airstrikes, and assisted with artillery fire support. Other elements of 10th Group deployed to southeast Turkey in support of operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm. The Boston Herald reported: "The 10th Special Forces Group's penchant for secrecy is so exacting the base publicist didn't know the unit had gone to war until they were on their way home from Operation Desert Storm." [http://www.soc.mil/SF/history.pdf]

Following the end of the first Persian Gulf War, Saddam Hussein turned his attention to Iraq's Kurdish minority, causing over half of a million Kurds to flee into the mountains on the Turkish-Iraqi border. Under the leadership of Colonel William Tagney, all three battalions of 10th Group were deployed to the area for Operation Provide Comfort, a UN humanitarian effort. 10th Group coordinated the ground relief effort, and was credited by General Galvin, the EUCOM commander, as having "saved half a million Kurds from extinction".

During Operation Restore Hope, 10th Group deployed a Coalition Support Team to support the 1st Belgian Para-Commando Battalion. In addition to supporting the Para-Commando unit, the CST assisted the 10th Mountain Division, and provided security for meetings with Somali leaders. Following the ethnic conflict in Rwanda, 10th Group deployed to Entebbe airfield, Uganda. The group assisted the displaced persons in returning to their homes.

On September 2, 1994, 2nd Battalion, 10th SFG transferred to Fort Carson, Colorado, followed by 3rd Battalion on July 20, 1995. The group headquarters moved to Fort Carson on September 15, 1995, ending a 27 year presence in Massachusetts.

The Group is affiliated for operations with Special Operations Command - Europe, and is continuing to conduct Joint Combined Exchange Training and FID/anti-terrorist operations as part of Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara.cite web|title=U.S. Pushes Anti-Terrorism in Africa|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/25/AR2005072501801.html|accessdate=May 10|accessyear=2008] Such activities have included training the Military of Mali and the Military of Mauritania. cite web|title=Special Forces Support Pan Sahel Initiative in Africa |url=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=27112|accessdate=May 10|accessyear=2008] The 1st and 3rd Battalions of 10th Group also participated in training in Senegal in 2006, along with the 352d Special Operations Group of the US Air Force. cite web|title=352nd SOG wraps up JCET to Trans-Sahara, Africa
url=http://www.mildenhall.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123024337|accessdate=May 11|accessyear=2008]

ubordinate units

*Headquarters and Headquarters Company
*Group Support Battalion
*1st Battalion - located in Stuttgart, Germany
*2nd Battalion
*3rd Battalion

Notable officers and soldiers

*Colonel Aaron Bank - First commanding officer of the 10th Special Forces Group.
*Major Larry Thorne - Finnish soldier who fought the Soviet Army during the Winter War, immigrated to the United States after World War II and joined the US Army under the Lodge Act.
*Master Sergeant Gary Gordon - Went on to service with Delta Force, awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions during the Battle of Mogadishu.

ee also

References