Short Sturgeon

infobox Aircraft
name= Sturgeon
type= Torpedo bomber
Target tug
Anti-submarine aircraft
manufacturer=Short Brothers


caption= Prototype Sturgeon TT Mk 3
designer=
first flight= 7 June 1946
introduced=
retired=
status=
primary user= Fleet Air Arm
more users=
produced=
number built=28
unit cost=
variants with their own articles= "For the 1920s biplane see Short Sturgeon (biplane)"

The Short Sturgeon was a British aircraft originally designed in the Second World War as a high-performance torpedo bomber. Through shifting priorities postwar, the Sturgeon was redesigned first into a target tug and then later as an anti-submarine aircraft. The many modifications that resulted turned the promising design into a hapless and grotesque-looking hybrid.Winchester 2005, p. 50.]

Design and development

The (S.A.1) Sturgeon began life as a high-performance torpedo bomber during the Second World War with a bomb bay that could accommodate six 500 lb bombs or any of the current standard airborne torpedoes, operating from "Audacious" and "Centaur"-class aircraft carriers. The torpedo requirement was dropped when the Second World War ended and plans for large aircraft carriers were abandoned.

Specification S.11/43 for a naval reconnaissance aircraft called for the design and construction of a twin-engine reconnaissance aircraft for visual and photographic reconnaissance and shadowing, by day or night. The specification included a maximum all-up weight of 24,000 lb, height (stowed) of 17 ft, length of 45 ft and a wingspan of 60 ft (spread)/20 ft (folded). Power wing-folding was also required. The contract went to Short Brothers for their revised S.38 Sturgeon as the PR.Mk 1 on 12 February 1944 for three prototypes, with serials "RK787", "RK791" and "RK794" assigned. The first Short S.A.1 Sturgeon I "RK787" flew at Rochester Airport on 7 June 1946. The second, "RK791", flew from Sydenham, Belfast on 18 May 1948. The production series of 100 aircraft was cancelled but the design stayed alive with modifications to accommodate a target-tug role as the S.39 (also known as S.A.2) Sturgeon. A third prototype, "RK794", was modified to a Mk 2 standard with a new serial, "VR363".The TT Mk 2 featuring an all-metal construction, mid-wing cantilever monoplane, was a large but clean-looking twin-engined design with a distinctive glazed nose in its target tug configuration. The all-metal monocoque was built in four sections ending at a cantilever tailplane with single fin and rudder. Rudder and tailplanes were fabric covered. The wing design featured a swept leading edge and taper on outboard sections and wing folds outboard of the twin Rolls-Royce Merlin 140 engines driving contra-rotating propellers which allowed shorter blades and the Merlins being mounted closer to the centreline. The main wheels retracted rearwards into the engine nacelles while the tail wheel retracted forwards into the fuselage.

The Sturgeon's postwar role began as a naval liaison and target tug aircraft with modifications to the nose, lengthened to provide a crew position forward of the propeller arcs and a winch system. The crew of two included a pilot in an enclosed cockpit, level with leading edge of wing. The all-purpose "observer" in the nose had to perform the functions of "navigator, wireless operator, target operator and camera operator. He moved between stations in the nose and rear fuselage."Winchester 2005, p. 51.] . Five TT2s were further converted into the less-sophisticated TT3 variant.

The penultimate and last Sturgeons were redone as prototypes for a proposed anti-submarine aircraft, powered by two Armstrong Siddeley Mamba AS Ma3 turboprops of 1,147 hp (1,100 kW) driving two four-bladed propellers. Another major modification was the grafting on of a gigantic bulbous nose that housed two radar operators in stations forward of the engines. Acute problems arising from the resultant "schnoz" led to the demise of the project — "the efflux from the Mamba turboprops seriously destabilized the aircraft at some power settings and destroyed the good handling characteristics. It proved impossible to trim for safe flight on one engine which was a necessity for long endurance on anti-submarine patrols."Winchester 2005, p. 50.] . Two Sturgeon SB 3 prototypes were ordered with the first, "WF632" flying on 8 December 1950 at Belfast. The design proved extremely difficult to trim when flying on one engine and so unstable that no effort was made to resolve these problems, consequently, the project was cancelled before the second prototype, "WF636" flew. Both aircraft had very short lives, being scrapped in 1951.

Operational service

The main production variant, the TT2 naval target tug (TS 475 – TS 498) spent most of its life with No. 728 Squadron at Hal Far, Malta. They also operated with No. 771 Squadron at RNAS Ford in 1950- 1954. Their primary role as a target tug included towing targets for ground-to-air firing practice, photographic marking of ground-to-air firing, target towing for air-to-air practice by night and day, "throw-off," target practice and radar calibration.

All existing Sturgeon TT2s were modified to a (S.B.9) TT3 standard during the early 1950s. The TT3 variant was intended to meet less stringent requirements. The extended TT2 nose with its synchronised photographic equipment and crew station was removed and replaced by a smaller streamlined nose cone. With the change from carrier operations to ground bases, all deck-landing equipment was also eliminated as well as the wing being modified to have a manual folding gear in place of the TT2's hydraulic system.

Briefly, a Short Sturgeon TT2 ("VR363") piloted by "Jock" Eassie was utilised as a glider tow aircraft in the Short SB.1 flight tests. The experimental "tailless" glider, designed by David Keith-Lucas and Professor Geoffrey T.R. Hill, was built by Shorts as a private research venture and intended to test the concept of the aero-isoclinic wing. The first towed launch of the SB.1 piloted by Shorts' Chief Test Pilot, Tom Brooke-Smith ("Brookie") took off from RAF Aldergrove on 30 July 1951. The SB.1 was towed behind to a height of 10,000 ft with the flight completed successfully.

On the second flight of the day, the tow rope was extended and Brooke-Smith experienced the problems inherent in flying a light aircraft in the turbulence caused by the towing aircraft. Brooke-Smith had to cast off at low altitude and while attempting to side-slip out of the wake, struck the ground "nose-down" at 90 mph, injuring himself seriously and damaging the aircraft. With the extensive damage to the Short SB.1 necessitating a rebuild, the decision to "power" the modified glider (redesignated the Short Sherpa) meant the end of the use of the Sturgeon tow plane in the program.

Variants

A total production run included two S Mk 1 gunnery trainers built at Shorts in their Rochester facility and 24 Sturgeon TT Mk 2 target tugs (further converted to the TT Mk 3 standard) and two SB.3 prototype anti-submarine aircraft built in Belfast. One SB.3 was demonstrated at the 1951 Society of British Aerospace Companies' (SBAC) Farnborough Airshow; the second example was completed but never flown.

Trivia

One of the Sturgeon's unfortunate failings was in placement of controls. The fire extinguisher switch was located next to the cockpit switches required for firing the engine starter cartridges, resulting in some inadvertent mishaps and some unintended hilarity for ground crews.Winchester 2005, p. 51.]

Operators

;UK
*Royal Navy, Fleet Air Arm
**No. 728 Naval Air Squadron
**No. 771 Naval Air Squadron

pecifications (Short S.B.9 Sturgeon TT3)

aircraft specifications

plane or copter?=plane
jet or prop?=prop
ref=British Directory of Aircraft, The World's Worst Aircraft.Winchester 2005, p. 50.] and The Aircraft of the World [Green and Pollinger 1955, p.168. ]

crew=2
payload main=
payload alt=
payload more=
length main=44 ft
length alt=13.70 m
span main=59 ft 11 in
span alt=18.26 m
height main= 13 ft 2½ in
height alt= 40.39 m
area main=518.4 ft²
area alt=48.16 m²
airfoil=
empty weight main= 16,967 lb
empty weight alt= 7,696 kg
loaded weight main=18,126 lb
loaded weight alt= 8,222 kg
max takeoff weight main= 21,700 lb
max takeoff weight alt=9,840 kg
more general=

engine (prop)=Rolls-Royce Merlin 140
type of prop=liquid-cooled V12 engines
number of props=2
power main=2,080 hp
power alt=1,550 kW

propeller or rotor?=propeller
propellers=six-bladed
number of propellers per engine= 1
propeller diameter main=
propeller diameter alt=

max speed main=318 knots
max speed alt= 366 mph, 590 km/h
max speed more=at 24,200 ft
cruise speed main=312 mph
cruise speed alt= 502 km/h
cruise speed more=at 15,000 ft
range main=
range alt=
ceiling main=35,200 ft
ceiling alt=10,700 m
climb rate main=
climb rate alt=
loading main=
loading alt=
power/mass main=
power/mass alt=
more performance=
armament=
avionics=

ee also

aircontent

related=

similar aircraft=
*Bristol Beaufighter
*Grumman XTSF
*AF Guardian
*de Havilland Hornet

sequence=

see also=
*List of aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm

References

Notes

Bibliography

* Green, William and Pollinger, Gerald. "The Aircraft of the World". London: Macdonald, 1955.
* Gunston, Bill. "Sturgeon." "Aeroplane Monthly" Volume 6, No. 10, October 1978.
* "Short Sturgeon". "British Directory of Aircraft." [http://britishaircraft.co.uk/aircraftpage.php?ID=377 Short Sturgeon] Access date: 14 January 2007.
* Winchester, Jim, ed. "Short Sturgeon". "The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters". London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. ISBN 1-904687-34-2.

External links

* [http://www.britishaircraft.co.uk/aircraftpage.php?ID=377 British Aircraft Directory entry]