Eric Mjöberg

Dr Eric Georg Mjöberg (6 August 1882 - 8 July 1938) was a Swedish zoologist and ethnographer who led the first Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia in the early 1900s, and worked in Indonesia. The plant "Vaccinium mjoebergii" J.J.Sm. was named after him, [ [http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/FMCollectors/m/MjobergEG.htm National Herbarium of the Netherlands - EG Mjöberg - Accessed 15 January 2007] ] as was Mjoberg's Toadlet.

Early life and education

Mjöberg was born in Ås, Halland County, Sweden, on August 6, 1882. He gained a Licentiate at the University of Stockholm in 1908, and his doctorate at Lund in 1912.

Work

Mjöberg led expeditions to North-Western Australia in 1910-1911, and to Queensland in 1912-1913. He worked for the Deli Experimental Station at Medan in Sumatra 1919-1922, and was Curator of the Sarawak Museum in Borneo 1922-1924. He also worked in various museums in Sweden.

He was employed by the State Entomological Institution from 1903 to 1906 and at the National Museum at different times between 1903 and 1910 during which time he was a master at several higher Schools in Stockholm, 1907-09, and travelled in Sweden for study purposes through 1902 to 1909 before he led expeditions to Australia. A lecture tour in the USA lasted from 1916 to 1917 after which he was Swedish consul in Sumatra in 1920 among other postings and a study period in the US from 1921 to 1925. [ [http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/biogs/P001916b.htm - source: Musgrave, A., "Bibliography of Australian Entomology, 1775-1930", Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales., Sydney, 1932, 380 pp.] ]

The Australian expeditions

In the early 1900s Mjöberg set off to the Kimberley region of Western Australia in an attempt to prove his Darwinian human evolution theory. What he didn't know was that his expedition would have dire repercussions for years to follow for Indigenous Australians, and for himself. In Western Australia, Mjöberg became obsessed with the Aboriginal people, and what started off as collecting native flora and fauna for research, soon led to the desecration of sacred burial grounds and the smuggling of human remains back to Sweden. [ [http://www20.sbs.com.au/whatson/?date=2008-02-3&channelID=1 SBS documentary "Dark Science" February 3, 2008 (From Australia, in English)] ]

Historians have described Mjöberg as aggressive, arrogant and devious, a leader who made enemies with local Aboriginal people, pastoralists and even his own scientific team. [ [http://www.eniar.org/news/repat31.html "Ancestral remains back on Australian soil", Presenter: Vanessa Mills - ABC Kimberley WA, 7 October 2004] ]

After 1911, he made a second expedition to Australia's east coast: Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, removing one set of remains from each.

Controversy

The 1915 publication of his diaries about the 1910 expedition exposed his unethical and illegal collection of material from Australia. Most of the material kept in Sweden's Museum of Ethnography was removed between 1910 and 1911. Swedish anthropologist Claes Hallgren of Dalarna University wrote the book "Two Travellers – Two Pictures of Australia" examining Mjoberg's methods, prompting an ethical debate that led the Swedish Government to contact the Australian authorities. Ninety years after their removal, the Swedish Museum initiated the return of skeletons to the Aboriginal people in September 2004. [http://www.eniar.org/news/sweden1.html "Stolen remains coming home" by David King,"The Australian" September 6, 2004] ] Aboriginal elders travelled to Stockholm to receive the remains and start the process of spiritual healing. Spokesman for the Kimberley Aboriginal Law and Culture Centre, Neil Carter said:

"The belief is that once a burial ground has been disturbed, the spirits and the country will not rest until the remains have been brought back."

Aborigines believe that the spirit of the departed cannot go on into the afterlife if the bones are disturbed.

Eighteen boxes containing bones, believed to include the skeletons of two small children, were sent to the Australian National Museum for identification before being interred at their traditional lands.

Taking them without pemission, Mjöberg passed them off as kangaroo bones to get them out of the country. HIs attitude was representative of the Social Darwinism of the times according to Dr Hallgren, who writes that the popular "Gothic Horror" presentation, and demonising Aborigines was the context and "justification" for Mjöberg's hunting for skeletons. It was designed to impress his audience of his work as an adventurer. [ [http://www.anu.edu.au/culture/events/2005/repatriation/abstracts.php Dr Claes Hallgren, "Eric Mjöberg and the Rhetorics of Human Remains" abstract July 2005] ]

Decline

Mjöberg died in poverty in Stockholm after a long, undiagnosed illness during which he had constant nightmares reflecting his experiences in the Kimberleys, including a sense of being pursued by Aboriginal people and contact with the Wandjina – creation spirits of the Dreamtime. During this time he was forced to sell part of his collection. Despite his ill health he managed to write an account of this experience.

In the documentary, an elder explains that the spirits give intruders a hard time, making them sick, that Aboriginal people know ways to forestall these effects, but that outsiders do not. [ [http://www20.sbs.com.au/whatson/?date=2008-02-3&channelID=1 SBS documentary "Dark Science" February 3, 2008 (From Australia, in English) (Documentary)] ]

Publications

As well as numerous contributions to the scientific literature, he wrote:
* "Bland Vilda Djur och Folk i Australien" (Among Wild Animals and Men in Australia), his travel account, 1915.
* Mjöberg, E.G. (1930). "Forest Life and Adventures in the Malay Archipelago". Allen & Unwin: London.

References

Further reading

Jeanette Greenfield, "The Return of Cultural Treasures" (Third Edition), Cambridge Press, London, 2007 p 310

External links

* [http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/biogs/P001916b.htm Bright Sparcs entry on Eric Mjöberg]