Old Synagogue (Przemyśl)

Infobox religious building
building_name=Przemyśl Old Synagogue


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location=flagicon|Poland Przemyśl, Poland
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religious_affiliation=Orthodox Judaism
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heritage_designation =1934
functional_status =Destroyed (1941)
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architecture_style=Renaissance
facade_direction=
groundbreaking =1592
year_completed=1594
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refnum =The Old Synagogue of Przemyśl, (Polish: "Stara Synagoga w Przemyślu"), was a magnificent structure completed in 1594. It was damaged in 1939 when the Germans were retreating from the eastern bank of the San River and destroyed by the Nazis in 1941.

History

Origins (1550s-1594)

The first legal regulation regarding the Jewish community of Przemyśl dates from March 20, 1559. The privilege, granted by King Zygmunt August, stipulates that "Jews have been living on the Jewish street in Przemyśl for a long time" have the right to settle permanently in Przemyśl and grants them trading rights. Jews were now considered under the royal jurisdiction, i.e. the waywode's court, (which is mentioned in acts of the year 1576 as the "Jews' court"). cite web
url= http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=572&letter=P&search=galicia
title= Przemysl
last= Deutsch
first= Gotthard
coauthors= Mojzesz Schorr
publisher= "Jewish Encyclopedia"] It appears from a lawsuit of the year 1560 that the Jews then possessed a wooden synagogue, said to have been founded by two wealthy Spanish immigrants. In 1561 the synagogue was attacked by the burghers. A year later in 1592, permission to reconstruct the synagogue from stone was granted by the chapter. The new building was designed by Bononi, an Italian builder of fortifications. [cite web
url= http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Przemysl/sygagogues.htm
title= Przemysl Synagogues
last= Yeager
first= Barbara U.
coauthors= Sheila Schneider
date=1998
publisher= "ShtetLinks"] It was situated inside of city close by defensive walls and completed in 1594.

Fire (1637)

The entire ghetto including "Jewish Street" in Przemyśl was almost completely destroyed by fire in 1637. The synagogue however remained unscathed. In 1661 the king issued a decree allowing the Jewish community to use the synagogue as collateral to borrow money. This illustrates the desperate economic situation of the Przemyśl Jewish community.

Pogrom (1746)

In 1746 Jesuit students attacked the Jewish quarter, looting Jewish homes. They plundered the synagogue and demolished its interior. The Holy Ark was destroyed and the Torah scrolls were torn up into pieces which were scattered in the streets. They also destroyed the greater part of the valuable archives, which contained priceless documents of the waywode's court. Only a few of the original copies of the privileges were saved. The extent of the damage is indicated by the fact that after tedious negotiations the Jesuits finally paid an indemnity of 15,000 Polish gulden. According to statistics of the year 1765, there were at that time about 2,418 Jews in Przemyśl.

Restoration (1910-1914)

During the years 1910-1914 the building was restored under direction of architect Tadeusz Mokłowskiego. At the end of March 1919, a festive prayer service was held at the synagogue in honour of the Paris Peace Conference and its decision regarding Land of Israel. Many people took part in the prayer. [cite web
url= http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/przemysl/prz185.html
title=Przemysl Passes Under Polish Rule
last = Altbauer
first = Yosef
date= May 1964
work= PART III PRZEMYSL JEWS (1918-1939); chapter 1
publisher= Przemysl Memorial Book]

Listed building status (1934)

In 1934 the building was listed on the register of historical buildings and in 1936 a special committee, led by H. Klagsbald, was established to renew and renovate the "Great Synagogue". [cite web
url= http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/przemysl/prz193.html
title= The Nation, City and Community
last = Altbauer
first = Yosef
date= May 1964
publisher= Przemysl Memorial Book
work=PART III PRZEMYSL JEWS (1918-1939); chapter 4]

Destruction (1939-1941)

In September 1939, after the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union, Przemyśl was divided by the German-Soviet border which ran through the middle of the city along the San River. When the Red Army entered the city on 26 September, the town centre found itself in the Soviet Union while the Zasanie district, on the western bank of the San River, was within the borders of the Nazi empire. In accordance with the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact, the Germans left the eastern bank on 28 September 1939. Before their withdrawal the Germans burned down the Old Synagogue.

Demolition (1956)

In 1956 the city authorities ordered the demolition of the synagogue which had laid in ruins since 1941 when the Nazis destroyed what remained after their earlier attempt to obliterate the building. The demolition was carried out despite objections from conservationists who had plans to rebuild the synagogue.

tructure

The stone building was rectangular in shape, typical of the renaissance style of the time. The rectangular main hall remained the only section of the original building after a range of outhouses were added in later years. They included a yeshiva, two additional halls of prayer and offices.

Gallery

References

External links

Przemyśl Jewish history timeline

* [http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Przemysl/history.shtml Przemysl: Outline of Jewish History]

Photographs

* [http://www.remembrance-reconciliation.org/Przemysl1006/index3.html Remembering Przemysl - 2006]