- Turbinidae
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Turbinidae 
Three views of a shell of Turbo cornutus with the operculum in place Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda (unranked): clade Vetigastropoda Superfamily: Trochoidea[1] Family: Turbinidae
Rafinesque, 1815Genera and species See text.
Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family of small to large marine gastropods. Turbinidae have a strong, thick calcareous operculum readily distinguishing them from the somewhat similar Trochidae or top snails, which have a corneous operculum. This strong operculum serves as a passive defensive structure against predators that try to enter by way of the aperture or that would break the shell at the outer lip.
Contents
Etymology
The common name turban snail presumably refers to the shell's similarity in appearance to a turban. However, the scientific name Turbinidae is based on the genus name Turbo, which is Latin for spinning top, a child's toy. Turbine has a similar derivation.
Taxonomy
Previously they were classified in the subclass Prosobranchia, in the order Archaeogastropoda in the superfamily Trochacea. Trochaecea is now a synonym for the superfamily Trochoidea. However, this is a quite ancient group of gastropods, probably originating in the Permian period 298 to 250 million years ago. [2] They have typical primitive characters like the nacreous interior of the shell.
2005 taxonomy
Turbinidae belongs to superfamily Turbinoidea according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family consists of eight following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005):
- Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
- Angariinae Gray, 1857 - synonym: Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868
- Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917
- tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960
- tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
- tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960
- tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960
- Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
- † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - synonym: "Prisogastrinae" in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) is an spelling error.[3]
- Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924
- Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
2008 taxonomy
Turbinidae was redefined and moved to the redefined superfamily Trochoidea according to Williams et al. (2008):[1] Angariidae was elevated to family level, Colloniinae was elevated to family Colloniidae within Phasianelloidea,[1] Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae.[1]
This family consists of five following subfamilies according to Williams et al. (2008):[1]
- Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
- Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924
- Margaritinae Thiele, 1924 - tribes are sensu taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
- tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
- tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990
- tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993
- Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
The following subfamilies (sensu Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) classification of subfamilies in Turbinidae) were kept in Turbinidae :
- Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - Moelleria was not included in the molecular studies performed in 2010.[1][4]
- † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
Genera
The shell of Guildfordia yoka, a deep water turbinid.
Genera in the Turbinidae family include:
Turbininae[5]
- Turbo Linnaeus, 1758 - type genus
- Astraea Röding, 1798
- Astralium Link, 1807
- Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
- Bolma Risso, 1826
- Cookia Lesson, 1832
- Guildfordia Gray, 1850
- Lithopoma Gray, 1850
- Lunella Röding, 1798
- Megastraea McLean, 1970[6]
- Micrastraea Cotton, 1939
- Modelia Gray, 1850
- Pomaulax Gray, 1850
- Uvanilla Gray, 1850
Skeneinae[7]
- Akritogyra Warén, 1992
- Anekes Bouchet & Warén, 1979
- Bruceiella Warén & Bouchet, 1993
- Callomphala A. Adams & Angas, 1864
- Cirsonella Angas, 1877 - synonym: Tharsiella Bush, 1897
- Dasyskenea Fasulo & Cretella, 2003
- Didianema Woodring, 1928
- Dikoleps Hoisaeter, 1968
- Dillwynella Dall, 1889[8]
- Eudaronia Cotton, 1945
- Fucaria Warén & Bouchet, 1993
- Ganesa Jeffreys, 1883
- Granigyra Dall, 1889
- Haplocochlias Carpenter, 1864
- Iheyaspira Okutani, Sasaki & Tsuchida, 2000
- Leucorhynchia Crosse, 1867
- Lissomphalia Warén, 1992
- Lissospira Bush, 1897
- Lissotesta Iredale, 1915
- Lodderena Iredale, 1924
- Lopheliella Hoffman, van Heugten & Lavaleye, 2008
- Mikro Warén, 1996
- Moelleriopsis Bush, 1897
- Notosetia Iredale, 1915
- Palazzia Warén, 1991
- Parviturbo Pilsbry & McGinty, 1945
- Protolira Warén & Bouchet, 1993
- Pseudorbis Monterosato, 1884
- Retigyra Warén, 1989
- Skenea Fleming, 1825 - type genus
- Skeneoides Warén, 1992
- Tharsis Jeffreys, 1883[9]
- Trenchia Knudsen, 1964
- Xyloskenea Marshall, 1988
Recent molecular evidence suggests that a number of these genera in Skeneinae probably belong to other families altogether, so many of these assignments must be regarded as provisional.[10][11]
Margaritinae
- Antimargarita Powell, 1951
- Callogaza Dall, 1881
- Gaza Watson, 1879
- Kaiparathina Laws, 1941
- Margarites Gray, 1847[12]
Tegulinae[13]
- Chlorostoma
- Cittarium Philippi, 1847
- Norrisia Bayle, 1880
- Omphalius
- Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Tegula Lesson, 1835
Prisogasterinae
- Prisogaster[3]
Moelleriinae
References
- ^ a b c d e f Williams S. T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (September 2008) "Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined". Zoologica Scripta 37(5): 483-506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x
- ^ Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9.
- ^ a b Gofas, S. (2009). Prisogasterinae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382193 on 2010-04-19
- ^ Search for Moelleria, National Center for Biotechnology Information, accessed 19 April 2010.
- ^ Gofas, S. (2009). Turbininae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225151 on 2010-04-19
- ^ Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1-82, pls 104-245.
- ^ WoRMS (2010). Skeneidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115 on 2010-04-19
- ^ WoRMS (2009). Dillwynella. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=413477 on 2010-04-19
- ^ WoRMS (2009). Tharsis Jeffreys, 1883. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=437228 on 2010-04-19
- ^ Kano, Yasunori (January 2008). "Vetigastropod phylogeny and a new concept of Seguenzioidea: independent evolution of copulatory organs in the deep-sea habitats". Zoologica Scripta 37 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00316.x.
- ^ Kano, Yasunori; Chikyu, Eri; Warén, Anders (2009). "Morphological, ecological and molecular characterization of the enigmatic planispiral snail genus Adeuomphalus (Vetigastropoda: Seguenzioidea)". Journal of Molluscan Studies 75 (4): 397–418. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyp037.
- ^ Gofas, S. (2010). Margarites Gray, 1847. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138592 on 2010-04-19
- ^ WoRMS (2009). Tegulinae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382195 on 2010-04-19
- ^ Gofas, S. (2009). Moelleria Jeffreys, 1865. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138606 on 2010-04-19
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