Alexander Fraser Tytler

Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee (October 15, 1747 - January 5, 1813) was a Scottish-born British lawyer and writer.

Translation

Tytler wrote a treatise that is important in the history of translation theory, the "Essay on the Principles of Translation" (London, 1790). It has been argued in a 1975 book by Gan Kechao that Yan Fu's famous translator's dictum of fidelity, clarity and elegance came from Tytler.

Tytler said that translation should fully represent the 1) ideas and 2) style of the original and should 3) possess the ease of original composition.

Tytler was a friend of Robert Burns, and prevailed upon him to remove lines from his poem "Tam o' Shanter" which were insulting to the legal and clerical professions.

Quotation

The following unverified quotation has been attributed to Tytler, most notably as part of a longer piece which began circulating on the Internet shortly after the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election [ [http://www.snopes.com/politics/quotes/tyler.asp "The Fall of the Athenian Republic"] Urban Legends Reference Pages] :

blockquote|A democracy is always temporary in nature; it simply cannot exist as a permanent form of government. A democracy will continue to exist up until the time that voters discover that they can vote themselves generous gifts from the public treasury. From that moment on, the majority always votes for the candidates who promise the most benefits from the public treasury, with the result that every democracy will finally collapse due to loose fiscal policy, which is always followed by a dictatorship."

The average age of the world's greatest civilizations from the beginning of history has been about 200 years. During those 200 years, these nations always progressed through the following sequence:
* From bondage to spiritual faith;
* From spiritual faith to great courage;
* From courage to liberty;
* From liberty to abundance;
* From abundance to complacency;
* From complacency to apathy;
* From apathy to dependence;
* From dependence back into bondage.

This passage actually comprises two quotations (the first paragraph being one, and the second paragraph and list, known as the "Tytler cycle," being the other). Both can be traced back to the 1950's, and they began to appear together in the 1970's. No original author can reliably be determined for either quotation. [ [http://lorencollins.net/tytler.html Loren Collins, "The Truth About Tytler."] ]

It is possible that whoever first made the statement was paraphrasing or drawing a conclusion from the quotation given by Bartleby at the link listed below.

ee also

*Playfair cycle

Notes

External links

* [http://www.electricscotland.com/history/men/tytler_alexander.htm Significant Scots "Alexander Fraser Tytler"]
* [http://www.bartleby.com/73/425.html Bartleby quotation]
*Tytler's [http://www.archive.org/details/essayonprinciple00woodiala Essay on the principles of translation] , 1907 edition at Internet Archive
* [http://www.commonsensegovernment.com/article-09-15-03.html Diagram of the Tytler Cycle] and musings of America's position in the cycle