Hortensia (orator)

Hortensia, daughter of consul and advocate Quintus Hortensius Hortalus, earned notoriety during the late Roman Republic as a skilled orator. She is best known for giving a speech in front of the members of the Second Triumvirate in 42 B.C. that resulted in the partial repeal of a tax on wealthy Roman women.

Life

Little is known about the life of Hortensia aside from her career as an orator. She was the daughter of Quintus Hortensius (114 - 50 BC) apparently by his first wife Lutatia. Her father was well-known among Romans due to his moving sermons on history and law and rivalry with fellow orator Marcus Tullius Cicero. As a member of the aristocracy, Hortensia grew up in a wealthy household, and thus, had access to Greek and Latin literature from a young age. She later concentrated on the study of rhetoric by reading speeches from the likes of her father and prominent Greek orators.

Hortensia is also believed to have been married to her second cousin Quintus Servilius Caepio, son of Quintus Servilius Caepio the Younger and brother of Cato Uticensis and Servilia Caepionis; however, she was left a widow when he died in 67 B.C. She had a daughter Servilia who married another conservative senator. Her husband adopted his sister's son Marcus Junius Brutus before his death; thus Brutus became technically Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus by adoption.Fact|date=October 2007

Speech before the Second Triumvirate

In 42 B.C., nearly all of Rome's state-sponsored military legions, which were under the command of triumvirs Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Marcus Antonius, were at war with the assassins of Julius Caesar (Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus). To fund the ongoing war, the triumvirs had resorted to selling the property of wealthy citizens killed by proscription; however, this source of revenue did not prove to be lucrative enough, and the three men voted to place a tax on Rome’s 1400 most wealthy women. The women, outraged at having been taxed for a war they had no control over, chose Hortensia to articulate their concerns to the triumvirs. Along with a large group of interested citizens, the women marched to the Roman Forum, where Hortensia delivered her famous speech. Below is an excerpt from the speech as documented by the Greek historian Appian:

"“You have already deprived us of our fathers, our sons, our husbands, and our brothers, whom you accused of having wronged you; if you take away our property also, you reduce us to a condition unbecoming our birth, our manners, our sex. Why should we pay taxes when we have no part in the honours, the commands, the state-craft, for which you contend against each other with such harmful results? 'Because this is a time of war,' do you say? When have there not been wars, and when have taxes ever been imposed on women, who are exempted by their sex among all mankind?”" [Appian. The Civil Wars. IV, 32-33.]

Impact of the speech

Outraged at having had their authority challenged by a group of women, Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus tried unsuccessfully to dismiss the women from the rostra. The next day, the three men reduced the number of women subject to the tax to 400, and instead, compensated for the loss of revenue by forcing male property-owners to lend money to the state and contribute to war expenses.

Praise

Hortensia’s speech was later praised by contemporaries as the embodiment of the nuanced oratory technique that her father had been known for. Of this, Appian wrote further:

"“For by bringing back her father’s eloquence, she brought about the remission of the greater part of the tax. Quintus Hortensius lived again in the female line and breathed through his daughter’s words.”" [Appian. The Civil Wars. IV, 34.]

Footnotes

References

Primary sources

* Valerius Maximus, "Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri viii.3.3"

econdary sources

*cite journal
last = Best
first = Edward
title = Cicero, Livy, and Educated Roman Women
journal = The Classical Journal
pages = 203
date = 1970

*Citation
first = Vicki | last = Leon
title = Uppity Women of Ancient Times
publisher = Conari
year = 1995
isbn = 1573240109

*cite encyclopedia
title = Hortenisa
encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Brittanica
date = 2007
url = http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9041134
accessdate = 2007-05-07

*cite web
last = Quintilian
title = Institutio Oratoria. I, i, 6.
url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/1A*.html
accessdate = 2007-05-11