Bussy D'Ambois

"The Tragedy of Bussy D'Ambois" is a Jacobean stage play written by George Chapman. Classified as either a tragedy or "contemporary history," "Bussy D'Ambois" is widely considered Chapman's greatest play, [Peter Ure, "Chapman's Tragedies," in Brown and Harris, pp. 227-36.] and is the earliest in a series of plays that Chapman wrote about the French political scene in his era, including the sequel "The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois", the two-part "The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron", and "The Tragedy of Chabot, Admiral of France". (The historical Bussy D'Ambois, a real person like most of the characters in Chapman's French histories, was murdered in 1579.)

Performance and Publication

"Bussy D'Ambois" was probably written in 1603-4, [Chambers, Vol. 3, p. 253.] and was performed soon after by the Children of Paul's. The play was entered into the Stationers' Register on June 3, 1607, and published in quarto the same year by the bookseller William Aspley, who issued a second quarto the next year. A revised version of the text was printed in 1641 by the stationer Robert Lunne, with the claim that this text was "much corrected and amended by the author before his death." Scholars have disputed the truth of this claim, though the weight of argument seems to fall in its favor. There are 228 variants between the two versions, "including thirty long alterations and additions and five excisions; their extent and tone show a concern only an author could feel." [Logan and Smith, pp. 150-1.] Some commentators have argued that Chapman revised the original "Bussy" when writing its sequel, "The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois", c. 1610, to make the two works flow together more smoothly. Robert Lunne issued a Q4 iN 1647; Q5 was published by Joshua Kirton in 1657.

The King's Men acted the play at Court twice in the 1630s, on April 7, 1634 and March 27, 1638, with Eliard Swanston in the title role. The prelude to the 1641 edition also indicates that Nathaniel Field played Bussy; Field may have brought the play to the King's Men when he joined in 1616. Apparently, Joseph Taylor inherited the role after Field's death (1620), and when he was too "grey" to play a young firebrand passed it to Swanston. [Chambers, Vol. 3, pp. 253-4.]

"Bussy" was revived early in the Restoration era; it was performed at the Red Bull Theatre in 1660, and often thereafter. Charles Hart was noted for the title role. Thomas d'Urfey adapted the play into a version called "Bussy D'Ambois, or The Husband's Revenge" (1691).

ources

Along with Ben Jonson, Chapman is among the most overtly intellectual of the English Renaissance dramatists, and his plays are rich with classical allusions. "Bussy" features translated passages from the plays "Agamemnon" and "Hercules Oetaeus" of Seneca, plus the "Moralia" of Plutarch, the "Aeneid" and "Georgics" of Virgil, and the "Adagia" of Erasmus. [Brooke's edition of "Bussy", p. 149.] The characters in the play quote or refer to the "Iliad" and to works by Empedocles, Themistocles, and Camillus. [Morley and Griffin, p. 301.]

ynopsis

As the play opens, the aristocratic but impoverished Bussy, an unemployed soldier and an accomplished swordsman, is reflecting on the corrupt, avaricious, and violent society is which he lives. In the third line of his opening soliloquy, he expresses the radical view that "Who is not poor, is monstrous." Yet by the end of the scene Bussy has pocketed a thousand pounds to enter the service of Monsieur, the brother of the reigning King Henri III, who wishes to assemble a troupe of loyal henchmen to further his own political ends. From the start, Bussy shows that he is not cut out to be a follower: Monsieur's steward, who brings Bussy the payment, is rewarded for an impertient attitude with a fist to his face.

Subsequent scenes confirm the impression that Bussy's "cannibal valor" is too wild and uncontrolled to allow him to be a tool for ambitious nobles. He quarrels bloodily with courtiers who mock him; in a triple duel he is the one of the six combatants left standing. Bussy enters into an adulterous affair with Tamyra, the wife of the powerful Count Mountsurry. Matters grow from bad to worse as Mountsurry tortures his wife on the rack to force her to confess her affair. Tamyra is forced to write a letter (in her own blood) to Bussy, summoning him to an assignation. Tamyra's chaplain, a friar who conveyed messages between the lovers, has died of shock at Tamyra's torture, and Mountsurry assumes his robes to deliver the message. Bussy sees the friar's ghost, and communicates with a conjured spirit that warns him of unfolding disaster; but the disguised Mountsurry arrives with Tamyra's letter. The trap is sprung when Bussy responds; he is gunned down in an ambush.

The Critical Response

As Chapman's arguable masterpiece, "Bussy D'Ambois" has attracted a large body of critical commentary, discussion, and dispute. Scholars have debated Chapman's philosophical and dramaturgical intentions in the play, and whether and to what degree those intentions are successfully realized. [Logan and Smith, pp. 134-7.] Though no true consensus has been reached, many commentators regard Bussy as Chapman's idea of a moral hero at war with his own lower tendencies, wrapped in a conflict between his idealistic urges and the sheer power of his personality — a Marlovian hero with more conscience than Marlowe ever gave his own protagonists.

Or at least, that appears to have been Chapman's intent. Critics have complained at how the moralizing protagonist of the opening scene becomes the ruthless passion-driven anti-hero of the rest of the play. Some have argued that in "Bussy D'Ambois" Chapman sacrificed logical and philosophical consistency for dramaturgical efficacy, for "force and vehemence of imagination" (to quote Algernon Charles Swinburne). His succeeding French histories are more consistent intellectually, but also far more dull.

Notes

References

* Brown, John Russell, and Bernard Harris, eds. "Jacobean Theatre." New York, Edward Arnold, 1960.
* Chambers, E. K. "The Elizabethan Stage." 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923.
* Chapman, George. "Bussy D'Ambois." Edited by Nicholas Brooke. The Revels Plays; Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1999.
* Logan, Terence P., and Denzell S. Smith, eds. "The New Intellectuals: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama." Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1977.
* Morley, Henry, and William Hall Griffin. "English Writers: An Attempt Towards a History of English Literature." London, Cassell & Co., 1895.