Lebensraum

Audio|De-Lebensraum.ogg|"Lebensraum" (German for "habitat" or literally "living space") served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany's territorial aggression. In his book "Mein Kampf", Adolf Hitler detailed his belief that the German people needed Lebensraum (for a Grossdeutschland, land, and raw materials), and that it should be taken in the East. It was the stated policy of the Nazis to kill, deport, or enslave the Polish, Russian and other Slavic populations, whom they regarded as Untermenschen, and to repopulate the land with reinrassig Germanic peoples. The entire urban population was to be exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement by a German upper class.

Origins

The idea of a Germanic people without sufficient space dates back to long before Adolf Hitler brought it to prominence. The term "Lebensraum" in this sense was coined by Friedrich Ratzel in 1897, and was used as a slogan in Germany referring to the unification of the country and the acquisition of colonies, based on the English and French models. Ratzel believed that the development of a people was primarily influenced by their geographical situation and that a people that successfully adapted to one location would proceed naturally to another. This expansion to fill available space, he claimed, was a natural and "necessary" feature of any healthy species. [For an overview of Ratzel's views, see Wanklyn, Harriet. "Friedrich Ratzel: A Biographical Memoir and Bibliography". Cambridge University Press: 1961. ASIN B000KT4J8K. Their impact on Nazi ideology, and their intersection with colonialism and economic imperialism in the Imperial German era is described by Smith, Woodruff, D., "The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism", Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0195047419.]

These beliefs were furthered by scholars of the day, including Karl Haushofer and Friedrich von Bernhardi. In von Bernhardi's 1912 book "Germany and the Next War", he expanded upon Ratzel's hypotheses and, for the first time, explicitly identified Eastern Europe as a source of new space. According to him, war, with the express purpose of achieving "Lebensraum", was a distinct "biological necessity." As he explained with regard to the Latin and Slavic races, "Without war, inferior or decaying races would easily choke the growth of healthy budding elements." The quest for "Lebensraum" was more than just an attempt to resolve potential demographic problems: it was a necessary means of defending the German race against stagnation and degeneration." [See Evans, Richard J., "The Coming of the Third Reich", Penguin Press, 2004, p. 35. ISBN 1594200041.]

"Lebensraum" almost became a reality in 1918 during World War I. The new communist regime of Russia concluded the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, ending Russian participation in the war in exchange for the surrender of huge swathes of land, including the Baltic territories, Belarus, Ukraine, and the Caucasus. [ [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbrest.htm Spartacus Educational: Treaty of Brest Litovsk] .] Only unrest at home and defeat on the Western Front forced Germany to abandon these favorable terms in favor of the Treaty of Versailles, by which the newly acquired eastern territories were agreed to sacrifice the land to new nations such as Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and a series of short-lived independent states in Ukraine. The desire for revenge over the loss of territory in the Treaty of Versailles was a key tenet of several nationalist and extremist groups in post-World War I Germany, notably the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler. There are, however, many historians such as Martin Broszat and Hans Mommsen who dismiss this "intentionalist" approach, and argue that the concept was actually an "ideological metaphor" in the early days of Nazism. [See, for instance, Kershaw, Ian, "The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems & Perspectives of Interpretation", Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 76–79. ISBN 0340760281.]

cquote|Without consideration of traditions and prejudices, Germany must find the courage to gather our people and their strength for an advance along the road that will lead this people from its present restricted living space to new land and soil, and hence also free it from the danger of vanishing from the earth or of serving others as a slave nation.

The National Socialist Movement must strive to eliminate the disproportion between our population and our area—viewing this latter as a source of food as well as a basis for power politics—between our historical past and the hopelessness of our present impotence. [Hitler, Adolf, "Mein Kampf", Houghton Mifflin, 1971, p. 646. ISBN 0385078016.]

Implementation

The "Lebensraum" ideology was a major factor in Hitler's launching of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. The Nazis hoped to turn large areas of Soviet territory into German settlement areas as part of Generalplan Ost. [Madajczyk, Czesław. "Die Besatzungssysteme der Achsenmächte. Versuch einer komparatistischen Analyse." "Studia Historiae Oeconomicae" vol. 14 (1980): pp. 105-122, quoted in Uerbesch, Gerd R. and Rolf-Dieter Müller, "Hitler's War in the East, 1941-1945: A Critical Assessment" Berghahn Books, 2008 (review ed.). ISBN 1845455010.] Developing these ideas, Nazi theorist Alfred Rosenberg proposed that the Nazi administrative organization in lands to be conquered from the Soviets be based upon the following "Reichskommissariats":

* Ostland (Baltic States, Belarus and eastern Poland),
* Ukraine (Ukraine and adjacent territories),
* Kaukasus (Caucasus area),
* Moskau (the Moscow metropolitan area and adjacent European Russia)

The "Reichskommissariat" territories would extend up to the European frontier at the Urals. They were to have been early stages in the displacement and dispossession of Russian and other Slav people and their replacement with German settlers, following the Nazi "Lebensraum im Osten" plans. When German forces entered Soviet territory, they promptly organized occupation regimes in the first two territories—the Reichskomissariats of Ostland and Ukraine. The defeat of the Sixth Army at the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942, followed by defeat in the Battle of Kursk in July 1943 and the Allied landings in Sicily put an end to the plans' implementation.

Historical perspective

In his book "Mein Kampf", Hitler notes that history is an open-ended struggle, and links the concept of "Lebensraum" with his own brand of racism and social Darwinism. Nevertheless, historians debate whether Hitler's position on "Lebensraum" was part of a larger program of world domination (the so-called "globalist" position) or a more modest "continentalist" approach, by which Hitler would have sufficed with the conquest of Eastern Europe. Nor are the two positions necessarily contradictory, given the idea of a broader "Stufenplan", or "plan in stages," which many such as Klaus Hildebrand and the late Andreas Hillgruber argue lay behind the regime's actions. [Kershaw, pp. 134–137.] Historian Ian Kershaw suggests just such a compromise, claiming that while the concept was originally abstract and undeveloped, it took on new meaning with the invasion of the Soviet Union. [Kershaw, pp. 154–155.] He goes on to note that even within the Nazi regime, there were differences of opinion about the meaning of "Lebensraum", citing Rainer Zitelmann, who distinguishes between the near-mystical fascination with a return to an idyllic agrarian society (for which land was a necessity) as advocated by Darré and Himmler, and an industrial state, envisioned by Hitler, which would be reliant on raw materials and forced labor. [Kershaw, pp. 244–245.]

What seems certain is that echoes of lost territorial opportunities in Europe, such as the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, played an important role in the Hitlerian vision for the distant future:

Racism is not a necessary aspect of expansionist politics in general, nor was the original use of the term 'Lebensraum.' However, under Hitler, the term came to signify a specific, "racist" kind of expansionism.

"In an era when the earth is gradually being divided up among states, some of which embrace almost entire continents, we cannot speak of a world power in connection with a formation whose political mother country is limited to the absurd area of five hundred thousand square kilometers." [Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971, page 644]

"Without consideration of traditions and prejudices, Germany must find the courage to gather our people and their strength for an advance along the road that will lead this people from its present restricted living space to new land and soil, and hence also free it from the danger of vanishing from the earth or of serving others as a slave nation." [Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf", page 646.]

"For it is not in colonial acquisitions that we must see the solution of this problem, but exclusively in the acquisition of a territory for settlement, which will enhance the area of the mother country, and hence not only keep the new settlers in the most intimate community with the land of their origin, but secure for the entire area those advantages which lie in its unified magnitude." [Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf", page 653.]

References

ee also

*Expansionism
*New Order (political system)
*Manifest Destiny
*Hakko ichiu

External links

* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_lebensraum_01.shtml Hitler and 'Lebensraum' in the East] By Jeremy Noakes
* [http://www.obersalzberg.de/cms_e/content/popup/besetztes5_2.jpgUtopia: The Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation] -Map of Nazi expansionist plans in English