- Xiang'er
The Xiang’er (Simplified Chinese: 想尔, Traditional Chinese: 想爾) is a commentary to the "Dao De Jing" that is best known for being one of the earliest surviving texts from the
Way of the Celestial Master variant ofDaoism . The meaning of the title Xiang’er is debated, but can be translated as meaning ‘thinking of you.’History
The Xiang’er was most likely written in between 190 and 220 CE, a time when the Celestial Masters controlled a theocratic state in
Sichuan . Early sources indicate that the text was written byZhang Lu , the third Celestial Master and grandson toZhang Daoling .The text available to us today was discovered in the Buddhist caves at
Dunhuang in the early 20th century and was part of the trove that traveled to London along withAurel Stein . However, the Xiang’er that survives only comments upon half of the Daode Jing. Presumably there was also a second part of the Xiang’er, but it has now been lost. The Xiang’er text found at Dunhuang likely dates from the 5th or 6th centuries.Precepts
The Xiang’er reveals a great deal about early Celestial Master thought and practice. In particular, the text offers advice to individuals and to society as a whole.
In terms of individual advice, the Xiang’er, like the rest of Daoism, discusses ways in which a person could gain immortality. According to the Xiang’er, the body was inhabited by spirits that survive in the presence of
qi . In order to attain immortality, a person had to preserve and nourish these internal spirits. Presumably these spirits could be nurtured through meditation, but the Xiang’er offers very little guidance on what type of meditation one should do. The Xiang’er also looks down uponDaoist sexual practices , and urges its readers not to practice them.While aimed at a wide audience, the Xiang’er also contains advice that could be used for rulers. These rulers were encouraged to remake society on the model of the Dao. Such a society would not be based on desire for wealth and fame, but on the fear and the respect of heaven. Hopefully when people learn to be respectful and fearful towards heaven, they will act morally.
References
* Bokenkamp, Stephen. "Early Daoist Scriptures". Berkeley: University of California, 1999.
* [http://www.guoxue.com/xstj/lzxez/lzf.htm The text of Xiang'er ]
* [http://www.wenhuacn.com/zhexue/daojiao/dianji/xiangerzhu.htm The text of Xiang'er ]
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