Victoria Skating Rink

The Victoria Skating Rink was an indoor skating rink located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, which opened in 1862. The building was used during winter seasons for pleasure skating, ice hockey and skating sports on a natural ice rink. In summer months, the building was used for various other events, including musical performances and horticultural shows. It was the first building in Canada to be electrified.

The Rink may be most famous for its connection to ice hockey history. It holds the distinction of having hosted the first-ever recorded organized indoor ice hockey match on March 3, 1875.McKinley, p. 7] The ice surface dimensions set the standard for today's North American ice hockey rinks. It was also the location of the first Stanley Cup playoff games in 1894 and the location of the founding of the first championship ice hockey league, the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada in 1886. Frederic Stanley, the donor of the Stanley Cup, witnessed his first ice hockey game there in 1889. In 1896, telegraph wires were connected at the Rink to do simultaneous score-by-score description of a Stanley Cup challenge series between Montreal and Winnipeg, Manitoba teams, a first of its kind.

It was located in central Montreal between Drummond Street and Stanley Street, just north of René Lévesque Boulevard (formerly Dorchester Boulevard). It was located one block to the west of Dominion Square (today's Dorchester Square), where the Montreal Winter Carnivals of the 1800s were held. The rink closed in 1937 [cite web |url=http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/patins/patins08e.html |title=The Revolutionary Indoor Rinks |author=Canadian Museum of Civilization |accessdate=2007-10-29] and today the site is occupied by a parking garage.

Building

Designed by Lawford & Nelson, Architects, the building was a long (convert|252|ft|m x convert|113|ft|m), two-story brick edifice with a convert|52|ft|m-high pitched roof supported from within by curving wooden trusses, which arched over the entire width of the structure. Tall, round-arched windows punctuated its length and illuminated its interior, while evening skating was made possible by 500 gas-jet lighting fixtures set in coloured glass globes.cite web|url=http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC816216 |title= Sports Facilities |publisher=Canadian Encyclopedia |accessdate=2008-05-14] At a later date, the lighting was converted to electric, making the building the first in Canada to be electrified.cite web |url=http://www.hockeyheritage.org/hockeyhistory.php |title=Montreal Hockey History |publisher=Hockey Heritage |accessdate=2008-09-30]

The ice surface measured convert|204|ft|m by convert|80|ft|m, dimensions very similar to today's National Hockey League (NHL) ice rinks. It was surrounded by a convert|10|ft|m-wide platform, or promenade, which was elevated approximately convert|1|ft|cm above the ice surface and upon which spectators could stand or skaters could rest. Later, a gallery was added with a royal box for visiting dignitaries. [Collard, p.168]

At the time of its construction, the Rink's location at 49 Drummond Street (now renumbered to 1187), placed it in the centre of the English community in Montreal, in the vicinity of McGill University. The area is known today as the "Square Mile", the area of central Montreal populated then by rich English industrialists and the budding centre of commerce in Canada. [Mackay, p. 7] One block east was Dominion Square, where annual outdoor winter sporting events were held and later the Montreal Winter Carnival was held. Across the street to the east, the Windsor Hotel, a long-time centre of social life and meeting place of several sports organizations, was built in 1875. Nearby is old Windsor Station, which was the eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, built in 1889.

History

The Victoria Skating Club was incorporated on June 9, 1862, with a sizable capitalization of $20,000, for the purpose of buying the land and building the rink. [Citation |contribution=An Act to Incorporate the Victoria Skating Club |title=Statutes of the Province of Canada |year=1862 |publisher=Province of Canada |pages=278-281. |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4AAQAAAAYAAJ] The directors included members of prominent families of the Square Mile: John Greenshields, whose family owned the largest drygoods wholesale firm in Canada and James Torrance, whose family owned a prosperous provisions wholesale firm. [Mackay, p. 28] The Rink, one of the first and largest indoor rinks in North America, was completed and opened on December 24, 1862. [Collard, p. 163.] However, it was not the first indoor rink in Montreal. The first had opened in 1859, at the north end of St. Urbain Street, for the Montreal Skating Club.cite web |url=http://www.leisuregallery.ca/leisure_letters/leisure-sport-the-revolutionary-indoor-rinks |title=Leisure & sport: Indoor Rinks |publisher=Leisure Gallery |accessdate=2008-09-30] It was the first of numerous ice rinks in Canada to be named after Queen Victoria. By about 1880, membership in the Victoria Skating Club had reached 2,000, mostly drawn from Montreal's upper classes, who enjoyed considerable leisure time and could afford to participate in such events as the fancy-dress balls, which were a regular feature at the rink.

A quote from the 1870s that appeared in the book "Montreal Yesterdays" captures the essence:

“When many hundred persons are upon the ice, and with every variety of costume, pass through all the graceful figures that skaters delight in, the scene presented to the spectator is dazzling in the extreme.” [Collard, p. 164]

The rink became a major attraction for visitors to Montreal. In 1886, visiting Captain Willard Glazer described the scene:

“One of the principal points of attraction in both winter and summer is the Victoria Skating Rink, in Dominion Square. This extensive building is used during the milder months of the year for horticultural shows, concerts and miscellaneous gatherings. In the winter the doors of this place are thronged with a crowd of sleighs and sleigh drivers, while inside, skaters and spectators form a living, moving panorama, pleasant to look upon. The place is lighted by gas, and men and women, old and young, with a plentiful sprinkling of children, on skates, are practicing all sorts of gyrations. The ladies are prettily and appropriately dressed in skating costumes, and some of them are proficient in the art of skating. The spectators sit or stand on a raised lege around the ice parallelogram, while the skaters dart off, singly or in pairs, executing quadrilles, waltzes, curves, straight lines, letters, labyrinths, and every conceivable figure. Now and then some one comes to grief in the surging, moving throng; but is quickly on his or her feet again, the ice and water shaken off, and the zigzag resumed. Children skate; boys and girls; ladies and gentlemen, and even dignified military officers. Some skate well, some medium, some shockingly ill; but all skate, or essay to do so. It is the grand Montrealese pastime, and though the ice is sloppy, and the air chill and heavy with moisture, everybody has a good time.” [Glazer, p. 245.]

The Rink hosted pleasure skating and masquerade balls during the 1880s Montreal Winter Carnivals, which took place a city block to the east in Dominion Square.

Ice hockey

In 1873, James Creighton, a member of the Skating Club and a figure skating judge, started organizing sessions of shinny at the rink, played informally between members of the Club and friends. The rules followed were developed from the informal rules of the outdoor game played in Nova Scotia where Creighton was born and raised, and adapted to the indoors setting and the rink's size. [cite web|url=http://www.athletics.mcgill.ca/varsity_sports_article.ch2?article_id=81 |title=McGill’s contribution to the origins of ice hockey |last=Zukerman |first=Earl |date=March 17, 2006 |accessdate=2008-05-13]

;The first game

On March 3, 1875, the Rink hosted what has been recognized as the first indoor organized ice hockey game, between members of the Club, organized by Creighton.cite news|work=Toronto Star |date=May 23, 2008 |page=S3 |title='Father' of ice hockey honoured] The match lays claim to this distinction because of several factors which establish its link to modern ice hockey: it featured two teams (nine players per side), goaltenders, a referee, a puck, a pre-determined set of rules, including a pre-determined length of time (60 minutes) with a recorded score. Games prior to this had mostly been outdoors, with sticks and balls, with informal rules and informal team sizes. In order to limit injuries to spectators and damage to glass windows, the game was played with a wooden puck instead of a lacrosse ball, possibly the first time such an object was used. The two teams, members of the Club, included a number of McGill University students. Sticks and skates for this game were imported from Nova Scotia, including Mic-mac sticks and Starr skates. [McKinley, p. 9] This first game was pre-announced to the general public in the pages of The (Montreal) "Gazette" newspaper:

;Announcement

Victoria Rink - A game of Hockey will be played at the Victoria Skating Rink this evening, between two nines chose from among the members. Good fun may be expected, as some of the players are reputed to be exceedingly expert at the game. Some fears have been expressed on the part of intending spectators that accidents were were likely to occur through the ball flying about in too lively a manner, to the imminent danger of lookers on, but we understand that the game will be played with a flat circular piece of wood, thus preventing all danger of its leaving the surface of the ice. Subscribers will be admitted on presentation of their tickets. [cite news |work=Montreal Gazette |title=Victoria Rink |date=March 3, 1875 |page=3]

;Game report

HOCKEY -- At the Rink last night a very large audience gathered to witness a novel contest on the ice. The game of hockey, though much in vogue on the ice in New England and other parts of the United States, is not much known here, and in consequence the game of last evening was looked forward to with great interest. Hockey is played usually with a ball, but last night, in order that no accident should happen, a flat block of wood was used, so that it should slide along the ice without rising, and thus going among the spectators to their discomfort. The game is like Lacrosse in one sense -- the block having to go through flags placed about 8 feet apart in the same manner as the rubber ball -- but in the main the old country game of shinty gives the best idea of hockey. The players last night were eighteen in number -- nine on each side -- and were as follows: -- Messrs. Torrance (captain), Meagher, Potter, Goff, Barnston, Gardner, Griffin, Jarvis and Whiting. Creighton (captain), Campbell, Campbell, Esdaile, Joseph, Henshaw, Chapman, Powell and Clouston. The match was an interesting and well-contested affair, the efforts of the players exciting much merriment as they wheeled and dodged each other, and notwithstanding the brilliant play of Captain Torrance's team Captain Creighton's men carried the day, winning two games to the single of the Torrance nine. The game was concluded about half-past nine, and the spectators then adjourned well satisfied with the evening's entertainment. [cite news |work=Montreal Gazette |title=Hockey |date=March 4, 1875 |page=3]

By moving ice hockey game indoors, the smaller dimensions of the rink initiated a major change from the outdoor version of the game, limiting organized contests to a nine-man limit per team. Until that time, outdoor games had no prescribed number of players, the number being more or less the number that could fit on a frozen pond or river and often ranged in the dozens. The nine-man per side rule would last until the 1880s.

;Role in organized ice hockeyThe Rink was home to the Victoria Hockey Club, first organized in 1881. Play at first was by exhibition only as there were no leagues. The Rink was used for exhibition games or as an indoor facility if the outdoor rink was not available during the annual Winter Carnivals. It was for the 1883 Carnival that hockey team sizes were reduced further, to seven per side, which was the common size for the next thirty years. [Collard, p. 167.] Eventually the tournament play led to plans for a league. The Rink hosted the founding meeting of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) league in December 1886. The AHAC was the second organized ice hockey league in Canada, and the first championship league.

Lord Stanley, later to donate the Stanley Cup trophy, witnessed his first ice hockey game at the Victoria Rink on February 4, 1889, seeing the Victorias defeat the Montreal Hockey Club 2–1. [cite web |url=http://www.hhof.com/html/exSCJ07_01.shtml |title=Hockey Hall of Fame: Stanley Cup Journals 01 |accessdate=2008-05-13] According to "The Globe", "the vice-regal party was immensely delighted with it." [cite news|work=The Globe |date=February 5, 1889 |page=1 |title=News from Montreal] The Rink would later host the first Stanley Cup playoffs in 1894. [cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/hockey/024002-119.01-e.php?&hockey_id_nbr=8&&PHPSESSID=rq9jcm5ucr4uim576lt6808ik4 |title=Game summary at Backcheck web site] By that time, the building had gained an elevated balcony for additional spectators and a projecting loge, precursor of today's luxury boxes. See "1894 Stanley Cup Playoffs" In 1896, the rink was connected by telegraph to distribute the Winnipeg Stanley Cup series score immediately. This is considered the first ice hockey broadcast by wire.

Ice skating

The Rink hosted figure skating and speed skating sporting events as well. Figure skating, known as "fancy skating" began in the 1860s and the Rink held championships starting in the 1870s. A combination of racing and fancy skating championships was held in February 1888 was announced internationally in the February 1, 1888 "New York Times." The races were "220 yards, quarter mile, half mile, mile, five miles, 220 yards over six hurdles 27 inches high, and junior championship races." [cite news|work=New York Times |page=8 |title=Canadian Skating Events.; Championship Tournament in the Victoria Rink |date=February 1, 1888] This was followed a week later by the fancy skating championship of figures. On February 18, 1896, the Canadian Amateur Figure Skating Championship was held at the rink. [Citation |journal=Outings Monthly Record of Amateur Sports and Pastimes |essay=Skating |date=April 1896 ]

Other events

From the 1870s onwards, the Rink hosted the annual Montreal Horticultural Society show each September. The Rink hosted many musical performances. In 1890, an audience of 6,000 attended a benefit for Montreal's Notre-Dame Hospital featuring a performance by soprano Emma Albani, as well as pianist and composer Salomon Mazurette, violinist Alfred De Sève, and the Montreal City Band under the direction of Ernest Lavigne. [cite web |url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7930 |title=Biography of Emma Albani] The rink is also known to have held performances of the Montreal Philharmonic Society, which existed from 1875 to 1899. [cite web |url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002435 |title=Montreal Philharmonic Society|publisher=Canadian Encyclopedia |accessdate=2008-05-14]

Today

As ice hockey increased in popularity, the Victoria's hockey clubs moved on to ice hockey arenas with larger seating capacities such as the Montreal Arena, and later the Montreal Forum. By the 1920s, the building was no longer used for ice hockey and it was left to neglect and to deteriorate. The gallery became unsafe to use. [Collard, p. 169] The Victoria closed for good in 1937 [cite web |title=IIHF 100-Year Brochure |url=http://www.iihf.com/hockey/ECC/img/100brochure.pdf |publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation |accessdate=2007-11-01] and a parking garage was built in its place. As shown in the photos, the parking garage is still in use by a local branch of National Car Rental.

Today, the highest level of ice hockey is played nearby at Centre Bell, the home arena of the NHL Montreal Canadiens, located two blocks south. Ice skating for pleasure remains a popular pastime and an indoor ice skating rink exists nearby in the concourse of the 'Le 1000 de la Gauchetiere' office building, open year-round. [cite web |url=http://english.montrealplus.ca/portal/profile.do?profileID=503478 |title=Atrium Le 1000 de la Gauchetière bureau 610 |accessdate=2008-10-03 |publisher=Montreal Plus.ca]

IIHF recognition

On July 2, 2002, the International Ice Hockey Federation announced that it would acknowledge the site of the Rink with "a commemorative plaque or other historical site marker to remind the passers-by of the existence of the Victoria Skating Rink, the birthplace of organized hockey." [cite web| publisher=CBC |date=July 5, 2002 |title=World federation weighs in on hockey's origins |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2002/07/05/hockey_020705.html |accessdate=2008-09-29] The IIHF has subsequently decided to honour the Rink's significance in two ways. In 2007, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) announced the creation of the Victoria Cup, a trophy named for the arena, for which -- along with 1 million Swiss francs -- one NHL team and the champion of the European Champions Hockey League will play off annually beginning in 2008. [cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/rangers-challenge-metallurg.html |title=Rangers challenge Metallurg |accessdate=2008-05-13 |publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation |date=January 26, 2008] In May 2008, the IIHF dedicated a historical plaque to recognize the Rink's significance. The plaque was dedicated on May 22, 2008 at the nearby Centre Bell.

ee also

* Amateur Hockey Association of Canada
* Ice hockey

References

;Bibliography
*cite book |title=Montreal Yesterdays |last=Collard |first=Edgar Andrew |publisher=Longmans Canada |location=Toronto, Ontario |year=1962
*cite book |title=Montreal: Island City of the St. Lawrence |last=Jenkins |first=Kathleen |year=1966 |location=Garden City, New York
publisher=Doubleday & Company
*cite book |title=Peculiarities of American Cities |last=Glazier |first=Capt. Willard |year=1886 |publisher=Hubbard Brothers |location=Philadephia, Pennsylvania |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nE0TAAAAYAAJ
*
*
*Citation|contribution=Out of the Mists of Memory, Montreal, 1875-1910 |title=Total hockey : the official encyclopedia of the National Hockey League |last=Vigneault |first=Michel |year=1998 |publisher=Total Sports |location=Toronto, Ontario |isbn=0836271149

;Notes

External links

;Articles
* [http://www.iihf.com/news/iihfpr3902.htm IIHF recognizes Victoria Skating Rink as birthplace of hockey]
* [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Hockey/English/Arenas/victoria.html Virtual Museum exhibit on venue]
* [http://www.leisuregallery.ca/leisure_letters/leisure-sport-the-revolutionary-indoor-rinks 1870 Skating carnival]

;Photographs
* [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/N-0000.68.1&section=196 Image "Skating Carnival, Victoria Rink, Montreal, QC, painted composite, 1870," at Musee McCord Museum website]
* [http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/II-101415?Lang=1&accessnumber=II-101415 Image "Hockey Match, Victoria Rink, Montreal, QC, composite, 1893," at Musee McCord Museum website]