Lucanus cervus

Taxobox | name = "Lucanus cervus"


image_caption = male "Lucanus cervus"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Arthropoda
classis = Insecta
ordo = Coleoptera
familia = Lucanidae
subfamilia = Lucaninae
genus = "Lucanus"
species = "L. cervus"
binomial = "Lucanus cervus"
binomial_authority = Linnaeus, 1758

"Lucanus cervus" is the best-known species of stag beetle (family Lucanidae), and is sometimes referred to simply as the stag beetle. It lives in holes in old trees and dead trunks, in the forest as well as in groves. Forest management, in eliminating old trees and deadwood, eliminates at the same time the habitat and food of this species. Once quite common, the population of the "Lucanus cervus", along with that of other species of beetles which feed on wood, is in steep decline, and is now listed as a globally threatened/declining species.

Adults appear during late May to the beginning of August being most active in the evenings. Females lay their eggs in a piece of decaying wood. Stag Beetle larvae, which are blind and shaped like a letter "C", feed on rotting wood in a variety of places, tree stumps, old trees and shrubs, rotting fence posts, compost heaps and leaf mould. The larvae have a cream-coloured soft transparent body with six orange legs, and an orange head which is very distinct from the very sharp brown pincers. They have combs in their legs which they use for communication (stridulation) with other larvae. The larvae go through several developmental stages (instars), taking 4 to 6 years to become pupae. The work of entomologist Charlie Morgan during the late 1970s discovered that the pupae of the Stag Beetle live in the soil for about 3 months, then emerge in summer to awkwardly fly off to mate. Adults only live for a few months feeding on nectar and tree sap. Their slow, lumbering flight, usually at dusk, makes a distinctive low-pitched buzzing sound. The males fly more readily than the females. The modern Italian word for a toy kite "cervo volante" (and hence the French "cerf-volant") may derive from the ancient amusement of flying the beetles on a length of thread.

The stag beetle is preyed upon by magpies, chickens, badgers, foxes, hedgehogs, cats, and woodpeckers.

The natural reaction of the beetle to an approaching large object is to remain motionless making them a good photographic subject. Sexually dimorphic, the males have enlarged mandibles and are larger than the females. Although the male's mandibles seem threatening, they are too weak to be harmful. Nevertheless, females can inflict a painful bite. It is the resemblance of the male's mandibles to the horns of a stag, and their use in combat between males, much like with deer, that gives the species its scientific and common names.

Protection

"Lucanus cervus" is registered in the second appendix of the Habitats Directive of the European Union from 1992, which requires that member states set aside Special Areas of Conservation. The species is also registered in the third appendix of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Berne convention) of 1982 and Schedule 5 of the UK's Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.

List of subspecies

The best-known subspecies are:
* "Lucanus cervus cervus":Males: 35 - 92 mm, Females: 35 - 45 mm, Origin: West, Central, East Europe
* "Lucanus cervus akbesianus":Males: 50 - 100 mm, Females: 40 - 45 mm, Origin: Syria, Turkey
* "Lucanus cervus judaicus":Males: 50 - 100 mm, Females: 40 - 50 mm, Origin: Syria, Turkey
* "Lucanus cervus turcicus":Males: 35 - 75 mm, Females: 35 - 40 mm, Origin: Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey

Gallery

Further reading

* Bernhard Klausnitzer: Die Hirschkäfer (Lucanidae). [Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei Bd. 551] . Westarp & Spektrum, Magdeburg, Heidelberg, Berlin und Oxford 1995, ISBN 3-89432-451-1

External links

* [http://www.stagbeetlehelpline.co.uk Stag beetle helpline] Research site containing lots of information on the stag beetle as well as a monitoring form and information on current conservation schemes.
* [http://maria.fremlin.de/stagbeetles/ Stag beetles] Nice friendly look at the Stag Beetle and its life: photos, life-cycle, body map etc.
* [http://www.imagesofdorset.org.uk/StagB/stagover.htm Stag beetles as observed in Dorset] Detailed photos of male and female, and sound sample of a Stag Beetle!
* [http://entomologia.rediris.es/gtli/engl/four/e/bioluen.htm Biology of the Stag Beetle] "Biology of the Stag Beetle" translated from the Spanish article "de lo poco conocido y lo mucho por conocer"
* [http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th11e(8).htm Brief illustrated look at the stag beetle] The Stag Beetle illustrated.
* [http://beetlespace.wz.cz/e_Lucanus_cervus.html Photos of Lucanus cervus]