Kumeyaay

The Kumeyaay, also known as the Diegueño, are Native American people of the extreme southwestern United States and northwest Mexico. They live in the states of California (in the U.S.) and Baja California (in Mexico). In Spanish, the name is commonly spelled "kumiai".

Divisions and language

Historically, the Kumeyaay have often been divided into three groups. Along the coast two groups were approximately separated by the San Diego River: the northern Ipai (extending from Escondido to Lake Henshaw) and the southern Tipai (including the Laguna Mountains, Ensenada, and Tecate).

Nomenclature and tribal distinctions are not well-settled. The general scholarly consensus recognizes three separate languages: Ipai, Kumeyaay proper (including the Kamia), and Tipai in northern Baja California (e.g., Langdon 1990). However, this notion is not supported by speakers of the language (actual Kumeyaay people) who contend that within their territory, all Kumeyaay (Ipai/Tipai) can understand and speak to each other, at least after a brief acclimatization period (Smith, 2005). It is safe to say that the Kuymeyaay speak languages belonging to the Delta-California branch of the Yuman-Cochimí languages family, to which several other linguistically distinct but related groups also belong, including the Cocopa, Quechan, Paipai, and Kiliwa.

The meaning of the term Kumeyaay is unknown, but Ipi or Tipi means person, although in contemporary times it is taken to mean Indian. Some Kumeyaay in the southern areas also refer to themselves as "MuttTipi", which means "people of the earth."

Reservations

There are 13 Kumeyaay reservations in southern San Diego County and four "kumiai" settlements in Baja California.

The Kumeyaay live on 13 reservations in San Diego County, California (Barona, Campo, Capitan Grande, Ewiiapaayp, Inaja, Jamul, La Posta, Manzanita, Mesa Grande, San Pasqual, Santa Ysabel, Sycuan, and Viejas), and on four reservations in Baja California (La Huerta, Nejí, San Antonio Nicuarr, and San José de la Zorra). The group living on a particular reservation is referred to as a "band," such as the "Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians."

Population

Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. "(See Population of Native California.)" Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) proposed that the population of the Kumeyaay in 1770, exclusive of those in Baja California, had been about 3,000. Frederic Noble Hicks (1963:65-66) raised this estimate to 5,100-5,700. Katharine Luomala (1978:596) suggested that the region could have supported 6,000-9,000 Kumeyaay. Florence C. Shipek (1986:19) went much farther, estimating 16,000-19,000 inhabitants.

Kroeber reported the population of the Kumeyaay in 1910 as 800.

ee also

* Kumeyaay traditional narratives
* Kumeyaay language
* Mission Indians
* Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation
* Ipai language
* Tipai language
* Yuman

References

* Du Bois, Constance Goddard. 1904-1906. "Mythology of the Mission Indians: The Mythology of the Luiseño and Diegueño Indians of Southern California." "The Journal of the American Folk-Lore Society", Vol. XVII, No. LXVI. p. 185-8 [1904] ; Vol. XIX. No. LXXII pp. 52-60 and LXXIII. pp. 145-64. [1906] .
* Hicks, Frederic Noble. 1963. "Ecological Aspects of Aboriginal Culture in the Western Yuman Area". Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.
* Kroeber, A. L. 1925. "Handbook of the Indians of California". Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
* Langdon, Margaret. 1990. "Diegueño: how many languages?" In "Proceedings of the 1990 Hokan-Penutian Languages Workshop", edited by James E. Redden, pp. 184-190. University of Southern Illinois, Carbondale.
* Luomala, Katharine. 1978. "Tipai-Ipai". In "California", edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 91-98. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
* Shipek, Florence C. 1986. "The Impact of Europeans upon Kumeyaay Culture". In "The Impact of European Exploration and Settlement on Location Native Americans", edited by Raymond Starr, pp. 13-25. Cabrillo Historical Association, San Diego.
* Smith, Kalim H. 2005. "Language Ideology and Hegemony in the Kumeyaay Nation: Returning the Linguistic Gaze". Master's Thesis, University of California, San Diego.

External links

* [http://www.kumeyaay.info/ http://www.kumeyaay.info]
* [http://www.kumeyaay.com/ http://www.kumeyaay.com/]
* [http://www.kumeyaay.org/ http://www.kumeyaay.org/]
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/mmi/index.htm Mythology of the Mission Indians, by Du Bois, 1904-1906.]
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/rpdi/index.htm Religious Practices of the Diegueño Indians, by T.T. Waterman, 1910.]