Valparaíso

Infobox Settlement
official_name =Valparaíso
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nickname = Valpo, Pancho
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image_caption = Housing on the cliffs facing the port.

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pushpin_map_caption =Location in Chile
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subdivision_name = flag|Chile
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subdivision_name1 = Valparaíso Region
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leader_title =Mayor
leader_name =Aldo Cornejo
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Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: "Valle Paraíso" "(Paradise Valley)" and also called "Valpo" locally) is a major city in Chile and one of that country's most important seaports and an increasingly vital cultural centre in the hemisphere's Pacific Southwest. The city is located in central Chile, where it is capital of the Region of Valparaíso. Although Santiago is Chile's official capital, Valparaiso houses the National Congress. Built upon dozens of steep hillsides overlooking the Pacific Ocean, Valparaíso boasts a labyrinth of streets and cobblestone alleyways, embodying a rich architectural and cultural legacy. Valparaíso is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is often considered to be one of Latin America’s most intriguing urban areas. Valparaiso, like most of Chile, is vulnerable to earthquakes. The last major earthquake to strike Valparaiso devastated the city in 1906, killing nearly 3,000 people [Martland, Samuel. 2007. "Reconstructing the City, Constructing the State: Government in Valparaíso after the Earthquake of 1906." Hispanic American Historical Review 87, no. 2: 221-254. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 13, 2008).] .

In 2003, the Chilean Congress declared Valparaíso to be “Chile’s Cultural Capital” and home for the nation’s new cultural ministry. Although technically only Chile’s 6th largest city, with an urban area population of 263,499 (275,982 in municipality [ [http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/home.php Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas] , Censos 2002, accessed 10 July 2007] ), the Greater Valparaíso metropolitan area, including the neighboring resort city of Viña del Mar, is the second largest in the country (892.143 inhabitants).

Valparaíso played an important geopolitical role in the second half of the 19th century, when the city served as a major stopover for ships traveling between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by crossing the Straits of Magellan. Always a magnet for European immigrants, Valparaíso mushroomed during its golden age, when the city was known by international sailors as “Little San Francisco” or “The Jewel of the Pacific.”

Examples of Valparaíso’s former glory include Latin America’s oldest stock exchange, the continent’s first volunteer fire department, Chile’s first public library, and the oldest Spanish language newspaper in continuous publication in the world. The opening of the Panama Canal and reduction in ship traffic dealt a staggering blow to Valparaíso, though the city has staged an impressive rennaissance in recent years.

Infobox World Heritage Site
WHS = Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaíso


State Party = CHI
Population (2006)
City = 275.982
Metro = 892.143
Type = Cultural
Criteria = iii
ID = 959
Region = Latin America and the Caribbean
Year = 2003
Session = 27th
Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/959

Valparaíso is located in central Chile, 120 km (74 miles) to the northwest of the capitol Santiago. The city is an important educational centre with nine universities. Major industries include tourism, culture, and transport. Valparaíso stages a major festival attended by hundreds of thousands of participants on the last three days of every year. The festival culminates with a “New Year’s by the Sea” fireworks show, the biggest in all of Latin America, attended by a million tourists who fill the coastline and hillsides with a view of the bay.

Approximately 50 international cruise ships call on Valparaíso during the 4-month Chilean summer. The port of Valparaíso is also an important hub for shipping of container freight, and exports of wine, copper, and fresh fruit.

Travel between Valparaíso and Santiago currently takes some 70 minutes on a state-of-the-art toll road.

The Chilean Congress meets in a modern building in the Almendral section of Valparaíso, after relocation from Santiago during the last years of the military rule of general Augusto Pinochet. Although congressional activities were to be legally moved by a ruling in 1987, the newly built site only began to function as the seat of Congress during the democratically-elected government of Patricio Aylwin, who followed Pinochet, in 1990.

The historic quarter of Valparaíso was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003.

History

Valparaíso’s bay was first populated by Changos, an ethnic group dedicated to fishing and gathering. Spanish explorers arrived in 1536, on the Santiaguillo, a ship sent by Diego de Almagro, considered the first European explorer of Chile. The Santiaguillo carried men and supplies for Almagro’s expedition, under the command of Juan de Saavedra, who named the town after his native village of Valparaíso de Arriba in Cuenca, Spain.

During Spanish colonial times, Valparaíso remained a small village, with only a few houses and a church. After Chile’s independence from Spain, Valparaíso became the main harbour for the nascent Chilean navy, and opened to international trade, which had been limited to commerce with Spain and its other colonies. Valparaíso soon became a required stopover for ships crossing between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, via the Strait of Magellan and Cape Horn, and gained particular importance supporting and supplying the California Gold Rush (1848-1858). In its role as a major seaport, Valparaíso received immigrants from many European countries, mainly from England, Germany, France, Switzerland and Italy. German, French, Italian and English were commonly spoken among its citizens, who also had newspapers in these same languages.

International immigration transformed the local culture from its Spanish origins. Football was introduced to Chile by English immigrants, and the first private catholic school in Chile was founded by French immigrants in Valparaíso: "Le Collège de Les Sacrés Cœurs" (The Sacred Hearts School) which has been operating for about 170 years. Immigrants from England and Germany founded the first private, secular schools, (The MacKay School, and "Die Deutsche Schule" respectively). Immigrants also formed the first volunteer fire-fighting units (still a volunteer activity in Chile), while architecture reflected various European styles, not just Spanish traditions.

The golden age of Valparaíso’s commerce ended after the opening of the Panama Canal (1914), as most ships sought to avoid the Strait of Magellan, and the port’s importance and use was reduced substantially. Traffic has increased in the last few decades with fruit exports, increasing opening of the Chilean economy to world commerce, and Post-Panamax ships that do not fit the Panama Canal.

Today

Though San Antonio, Chile has taken the reigns as the country’s most commercially important seaport (greater tonnage moved), the City of Valparaíso remains a vibrant center of Chilean culture, and the Greater Valparaíso metropolitan area (which includes Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Quilpué and Villa Alemana) has the third largest concentration of population in the country after Greater Santiago and Greater Concepción.

Nicknamed “The Jewel of the Pacific”, Valparaíso was declared a world heritage site based upon its improvised urban design and unique architecture. The official Unesco declaration also places exceptional emphasis on Valparaíso’s unique “intangible heritage,” which includes the city’s ethnic heritage as seen through the traditions and life styles of Valparaíso’s immigrant communities.

Immortalized in the words of Pablo Neruda as the ‘Ocean’s sweetheart’ (“novia del océano”), the city that ‘goes to Paradise’ ("Va al paraíso") is one of Chile’s —if not South America’s— most charismatic and historic ports, with its charming “ascensores” (funiculars) and colorful hillside houses. Valparaíso’s road infrastructure is under substantial improvement at present, particularly with the completion of the [http://www.portvalparaiso.cl/contenido/desarrollo_proyectos/acceso_sur.asp “Curauma — Placilla — La Pólvora”] freeway bypass, which will allow trucks to go directly to the port facility over a modern highway and through tunnels, without driving through the historic and already congested downtown streets. In addition, roads to link Valparaíso to San Antonio, Chile’s second largest port, and the coastal towns in between (Laguna Verde, Quintay, Algarrobo, and Isla Negra, for example), are also under various degrees of completion.

A new regional Metro system, opened to the public on 24 November 2005, updated parts of the railroad that joined Santiago to Valparaíso and cities in between (originally built in 1863). The new metro constitutes the so-called “fourth stage” (“Cuarta Etapa” in Spanish) of Metropolitan improvements. The metro railway extends along most of Gran Valparaíso and is the second metro system in operation in Chile (after Santiago’s), and includes an underground section that crosses Viña del Mar’s downtown.

Landmarks

*Iglesia de la Matriz

Culture

During Valparaíso’s golden age (1848-1914), the city received large numbers of immigrants, primarily from Europe. The immigrant communities left a unique imprint on the city’s architecture. Each community built its own churches and schools, while many also founded other noteworthy cultural and economic institutions. The largest immigrant communities came from England, Germany, and Italy, each developing their own hillside neighborhood, preserved today as National Historic Districts or “Zonas Típicas.” During the second half of the twentieth century, Valparaíso experienced a great decline, as wealthy families de-gentrified the historic quarter, moving to bustling Santiago or nearby Viña del Mar. By the early 1990s, much of the city’s unique heritage had been lost and many Chileans had given up on the city. But in the mid 1990s, a grass roots preservation movement blossomed in Valparaíso.

In 1996, the World Monuments Fund declared Valparaíso’s unusual system of funicular elevators (highly-inclined cable cars) one of the world’s 100 most endangered historical treasures. In 1998, grassroots activists convinced the Chilean government and local authorities to apply for UNESCO world heritage status for Valparaíso.

One such activist group was the [http://www.fundacionvalparaiso.org/ “Fundación Valparaíso”] or Valparaíso Foundation, founded by a contemporary North American Poet, Todd Temkin, who fell in love with the city while teaching literature at the Catholic University of Valparaíso. The Valparaíso Foundation has executed major neighborhood redevelopment projects; has improved the city’s tourist infrastructure; and administers the city’s jazz, ethnic music, and opera festivals; among other projects. Some noteworthy foundation projects include: [http://www.senderobicentenario.cl/ “The World Heritage Trail”] ; [http://www.operaenelmar.cl/ “Opera by the Sea”] ; and Chile’s [http://www.capitalcultural.cl/ “Cultural Capital”] .

Valparaíso was declared a World Heritage Site in 2003, thanks to its historical importance, natural beauty (large number of hills surrounding a picturesque harbor), and unique architecture (particularly, a mix of 19th century styles of housing).

Valparaíso’s newspaper, [http://www.mercuriovalpo.cl/ “El Mercurio de Valparaíso”] , is the oldest Spanish-language newspaper in circulation in the world.

[http://www.lukas.cl/ “Fundación Renzo Pecchenino, LUKAS”] maintains the drawings and paintings of the artist/cartoonist who came to symbolize Valparaíso in popular culture, in a newly restored building on Cerro Concepción, overlooking the bay.

Valparaíso is also home to the so called “School of Valparaíso”, which is in fact the Faculty of Architecture & Urbanism of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. The “School of Valparaiso” is one of the most experimental, avant garde and controversial Architectural schools in the country.

The city has the third largest concentration of universities in Chile, and is home to four major universities:

* Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María
* Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
* Universidad de Valparaíso
* Universidad de Playa Ancha

Valparaíso is the birthplace of many historically significant figures, including Augusto Pinochet, Salvador Allende, Sergio Badilla Castillo founder of poetic transrealism in contemporary poetry, Roberto Ampuero, author of the internationally published novels about the private eye Cayetano Brulé and "Hijo Ilustre" of Valparaíso, and Australia’s third Prime Minister John Christian Watson as well as Tom Araya,vocalist of thrash metal band Slayer. It has also been the residence of many artists, such as Pablo Neruda and Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío.

Nightlife activities in Valparaíso are claimed to be among the best in the countryFact|date=February 2007. Sailors favor the harbor sector because of the various traditional bars, among them, “Bar La Playa”, “La Piedra Feliz,” and “El Bar Inglés”, which can be found near Plaza Sotomayor. University students now meet at a number of local nightclubs, bars, and discotheques. A vivid guide to Valparaíso can be found in the novels of Cayetano Brule, the private detective who lives in a Victorian house, in the picturesque Paseo Gervasoni, on Cerro Concepción.

ports

“Valparaiso Downhill” [http://www.transcendmagazine.com/gallery/view_album.php?set_albumName=valpo_07] is a new mountain bike race that takes place in February, and that has bicycle racers compete down stairs and alleys, going from the surrounding hills down to the "plan" (Valparaiso's "lowlands").

The local football team is called Santiago Wanderers.

II Half Marathon Puerto Valparaíso 2007 was the continuation of Valparaíso Maratón Bicentenario 2006, an international event that mixes athletics and tourism through the streets of Valparaíso. On September 30, 2007, was the second race, over two distances: 10 km and 21 km, in 12 categories, for male and female runners. The race started at Muelle Barón, and the course passed by the sea side, crossing diverse architectural and geographical landmarks.

climate chart|Valparaíso
13|23|0
13|22|0
12|20|4
11|18|13
10|16|55
9|15|83
8|15|111
8|16|60
9|17|27
10|18|10
11|20|8
12|21|1

ister cities

* Córdoba, Argentina
*flagicon|Spain Oviedo, Spain
*flagicon|Malaysia Malacca, Malaysia
*flagicon|KOR Busan, South Korea (1999)
*flagicon|the United States Long Beach, California, USA
*flagicon|China Shanghai, China
*flagicon|Russia Novorossiysk, Russia
*flagicon|Spain Barcelona, Spain (2001)

ee also

* Valparaiso, Indiana - A large city in The United States not far off the coast of Lake Michigan.
* Flach - one of the first submarines ever built that sank near Valparaiso in 1866
*Daughter of Fortune- A novel which takes place largely in Valparaiso.

References

External links

* [http://www.municipalidaddevalparaiso.cl/ Municipalidad de Valparaíso] (Valparaíso Municipality)
* [http://www.municipalidaddevalparaiso.cl/area.php?id=33/ Pictures]
* [http://www.dibam.cl/subdirec_museos/mhn_valpo/ Museo de Historia Natural] —National History Museum
* [http://www.mercuriovalpo.cl El Mercurio de Valparaíso] —Main newspaper
* [http://www.lasebastiana-neruda.cl La Sebastiana Museum]
* [http://www.fundacionvalparaiso.org/ Fundación Valparaíso] —Valparaíso Foundation
* [http://www.cerroconcepcion.org/ Cerro Concepción]
* [http://www.portvalparaiso.cl/index_ingles.asp Portal Valparaíso] —Port of Valparaíso
* [http://www.armada.cl/site/tradicion_historia/tradicion/museonaval/ Naval and Maritime museum]
* [http://www.ascensoresvalpo.cl Cía. de Ascensores privados de Valparaíso]
* [http://www.escuelanaval.cl/index.htm Escuela Naval Arturo Prat] —Arturo Prat Naval Academy
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/959 Valparaíso UNESCO World Heritage Site entry]
* [http://www.turistel.cl/mapas_cyp/valpo.htm Downtown map]
* [http://www.merval.cl Metro system website]
* [http://www.maratonvalparaiso.cl Valparaíso Maratón Bicentenario] —Bi-centennial Valparaíso Marathon
* [http://www.panoramio.com/user/760796/tags/Valparaiso%20City Photos of Valparaiso]
* [http://eclypso.com/val/index.html Photos of Valparaiso and its street art]