Sonderbund war

The Sonderbund Swiss civil war of November 1847 ensued after the Sonderbund (meaning "separate alliance", in German) was created in 1845 in Switzerland as a league among seven Catholic and Conservative cantons, in order to protect their interests against a centralization of power.

The member cantons were Lucerne, Fribourg, Valais, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Zug. Some liberal Catholic cantons such as Ticino and Solothurn did not participate.

History

This alliance was concluded after the Radical Party had taken power in Switzerland and had, thanks to the majority of cantons, taken measures against the Catholic Church such as the closure of monasteries and convents in Aargau in 1841,cite encyclopedia
title = Switzerland
encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica
volume = 26
pages = 259
date = 1911
url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Switzerland/History/Constitution
accessdate = 2008-08-07 ] and the theft of their properties. When Lucerne, in retaliation, recalled the Jesuits the same year, groups of armed Radicals ("Freischärler") invaded the canton. This caused a revolt, mostly because rural cantons were strongholds of ultramontanism.

The Sonderbund was in violation of the Federal Treaty of 1815, §6 of which expressly forbade such separate alliances, and the Radical majority in the Tagsatzung decided to dissolve the Sonderbund on October 21, 1847. The confederate army was raised against the members of the Sonderbund. The army was composed of soldiers of all the other cantons except Neuchâtel and Appenzell Innerrhoden (which had stayed neutral).

War of November 1847

General Guillaume-Henri Dufour led the federal army of 100,000 and defeated the Sonderbund under Johann-Ulrich von Salis-Soglio in a campaign that lasted only from November 3 to November 29, and claimed fewer than a hundred victims. He ordered his troops to spare the injured, anticipating the formation of the Red Cross in which he participated a few years later.

Major events took place at Freiburg, Geltwil, Lunnern, Luzern, and finally at Gisikon, Meierskappel and Schüpfheim, after which Luzern capitulated on 24 November.

Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848

In 1848, a new Swiss Federal Constitution ended the almost-complete independence of the cantons and transformed Switzerland into a federal state. The Jesuits were banished from Switzerland. This ban was lifted on 20 May 1973, when 54.9% of the population and 16.5 cantons out of 22 accepted a referendum modifying the Constitution. [fr icon [http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/va/19730520/det236.html Official results] on the website of the [http://www.admin.ch/ Swiss Administration] .]

ee also

*Restauration (Switzerland)
*Switzerland as a federal state

Literature

* Erwin Bucher: "Die Geschichte des Sonderbundskrieges". Verlag Berichthaus, Zürich 1966.
* Joachim Remak: "Bruderzwist nicht Brudermord. Der Schweizer Sonderbundskrieg von 1847". Verlag Orell Füssli, Zürich 1997.

External links

*1911|Switzerland
* [http://www.geschichte-schweiz.ch/bundesstaat.html Schweizer Geschichte: Der Weg zum modernen demokratischen Bundesstaat]
* [http://www.mrkunz.ch/lexikon/beg/sonderbundskrieg.htm Sonderbundskrieg 1847]
* [http://www.zuerich98.ch/woche31_00.html Chronologie und Originalquellen aus dem Sonderbundskrieg]