- Black Cat Bar
Infobox Restaurant
name = Black Cat Bar
image_caption = The exterior of the Black Cat. Image courtesy of the San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library
established = 1906, 1933
street-address = 710 Montgomery St
city = San Francisco
state = California
country = United StatesThe Black Cat Bar or Black Cat Café was a bar inSan Francisco, California . It opened in 1906 and closed in 1921. The Black Cat re-opened in 1933 and operated for another 30 years. During its second run of operation, it was a hangout for Beats andbohemians but over time began attracting more and more of a gay clientele. Because it catered to gays, the bar became a flashpoint for the nascenthomophile movement. The Black Cat was at the center of a legal fight that was one of the earliest court cases to establish legal protections for gay people in the United States. Despite this victory, continued pressure from law enforcement agencies eventually forced the bar's closure in 1964.The original Black Cat
The Black Cat opened in 1906, shortly after the
1906 San Francisco earthquake . When entrepreneurCharles Ridley acquired the bar in 1911, he turned it into a showplace forvaudeville -style acts. Over the next several years, Ridley and the Black Cat came under increased police scrutiny as a possible center ofprostitution . In 1921, the bar lost its dance permit and closed down.Boyd p. 56]Beats and bohemians
With the repeal of Prohibition, the Black Cat re-opened in 1933 at 710 Montgomery Street,cite news
last = Laird
first = Cynthia
title = News in brief: Legendary gay bar to be remembered
work = The Bay Area Reporter Online
date = 2007-12-15
url = http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=2532
accessdate = 2008-06-22] again under Ridley's proprietorship. Sol Stoumen bought the bar in the 1940s.Boyd p. 57] In the early years of Stoumen's ownership, the Black Cat was a center for the bohemian and Beat crowd.William Saroyan andJohn Steinbeck were known to frequent the establishment, and part ofJack Kerouac 's seminal Beat novel "On the Road " is set in the bar. [Miller p. 346]Growing gay clientele
While the Beats continued to congregate at the Black Cat into the 1950s, in the years following
World War II , more and more gay people began patronizing it. The varied crowds mixed and gay Beat poetAllen Ginsberg described the Black Cat as "the best gay bar in America. It was totally open, bohemian, San Francisco...and everybody went there, heterosexual and homosexual....All the gay screaming queens would come, the heterosexual gray flannel suit types, longshoremen. All the poets went there."D'Emilio p. 187] By 1951, the bar was placed on theArmed Forces Disciplinary Control Board 's list of establishments from which military personnel were forbidden.The bar featured live entertainers, the best known of whom was
José Sarria . Sarria, who began as a waiter, wore drag and entertained the crowd by singing parodies of populartorch song s. Eventually he performed three to four shows a night, along with a regular Sunday afternoon show, with Sarria performing fullaria s. His specialty was a re-working of Bizet's opera "Carmen ", set in modern-day San Francisco. Sarria as Carmen would prowl through popular cruising area Union Square. The audience cheered "Carmen" on as she dodged the vice squad and made her escape.Sarria encouraged patrons to be as open and honest as possible, exhorting the clientele, "There's nothing wrong with being gay–the crime is getting caught," and "United we stand, divided they catch us one by one."Shilts p. 52] At closing time, he would lead patrons in singing "God Save Us Nelly Queens" to the tune of "
God Save the Queen ". Sometimes he would take the crowd outside to sing the final verse to the men across the street in jail, who had been arrested in raids earlier in the night. Speaking of this ritual in the film "" (1977), gay journalistGeorge Mendenhall said:"It sounds silly, but if you lived at that time and had the oppression coming down from the police department and from society, there was nowhere to turn...and to be able to put your arms around other gay men and to be able to stand up and sing 'God Save Us Nelly Queens'...we were really not saying 'God Save Us Nelly Queens.' We were saying 'We have our rights, too.'" [Quoted in Miller p. 347]
Sarria became the first openly gay candidate in the United States to run for public office, running in 1961 for a seat on the
San Francisco Board of Supervisors .Miller p. 347] Sarria almost won by default. On the last day for candidates to file petitions, city officials realized that there were fewer than five candidates running for the five open seats, which would have assured Sarria a seat. By the end of the day, 34 candidates had filed. [Witt, et al. p. 8] Sarria garnered some 6,000 votes, shocking political pundits and setting in motion the idea that a gay voting bloc could wield real power in city politics. [Shilts pp. 56–7] As Sarria put it, "From that day on, nobody ran for anything in San Francisco without knocking on the door of the gay community." [Lockhart p. 36]Police harassment
In 1948, the
San Francisco Police Department and the Alcohol Beverage Control Commission, in response to the Black Cat's increasing homosexual clientele, began a campaign of harassment against the bar and its patrons. Bar owner Stoumen was charged with such crimes as "keeping a disorderly house" and the State Board of Equalization suspended the bar'sliquor license indefinitely. In response and on principle, Stoumen, who washeterosexual , took the state to court. In 1951, theCalifornia Supreme Court , in "Stoumen v. Reilly" (37 Cal.2d 713) ruled that " [i] n order to establish 'good cause' for suspension of plaintiff's license, something more must be shown than that many of his patrons were homosexuals and that they used his restaurant and bar as a meeting place." This was one of the earliest legal affirmations of the rights of gay people in the United States. The court qualified its opinion, however, by stating that ABC might still close gay bars with "proof of the commission of illegal or immoral acts on the premises."Eskridge p. 94]In response to this legal victory and based on the "illegal or immoral acts" language of the opinion, the state passed a constitutional amendment creating the
California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC). TheCalifornia State Assembly in 1955 passed a law authorizing broad powers for the ABC to shut down any "resort [for] sexual perverts." The Black Cat was shut down under this authority, along with a number of other establishments. In a test case involving an Oakland bar, "Valerga v. Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control", however, the supreme court struck down this new law as unconstitutional. This decision was not a complete victory, as the court noted that had the ABC's revocation been based on "reports of women dancing with other women and women kissing other women" it might have upheld the law. Homosexuals, therefore, had won the right to assemble but only if they agreed not to touch.Police and city officials responded to the increasing visibility of the Black Cat and other gay bars in the city, and the Black Cat's success in court, by increasingly cracking down, staging more frequent raids and mass arrests. One favorite tactic was to arrest
drag queen s, since impersonating a member of the opposite sex was at the time a crime. Sarria responded by passing out labels for the drag queens to wear reading "I am a boy" so it could not be claimed they were impersonating women. [Shilts p. 53]Closure
By 1963, following some 15 years of unrelenting pressure from the police and the ABC, Stoumen decided he was no longer able financially to sustain the fight. The cost of his long legal battle was more than $38,000. Sarria tried to enlist the owners of the city's other gay bars to help Stoumen pay his legal bills, but none offered any assistance. The ABC lifted the bar's liquor license in 1963, the night before its annual
Halloween party. After a final defiant Halloween celebration at which only non-alcoholic beverages were served and an attempt to survive on food and soft drink sales, the Black Cat closed down for good in February 1964. [Gorman p. 150]The site is now the location of Bocadillos, a
tapas -stylerestaurant . On December 15, 2007, a plaque commemorating the Black Cat and its place in San Francisco history was placed at the site.Notes
References
* Boyd, Nan Alamilla (2003). "Wide-open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965". University of California Press. ISBN 0520204158.
* D'Emilio, John (1983). "Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970". Chicago, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226142655.
* Eskridge, Jr., William (2002). "Gaylaw: Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet". Boston, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674008049.
* Gorman, Micael R. (1998). "The Empress is a Man: Stories From the Life of José Sarria". New York, Harrington Park Press: an imprint of Haworth Press. ISBN 0789002590 (paperback edition).
* Lockhart, John (2002). "The Gay Man's Guide to Growing Older". Los Angeles, Alyson Publications. ISBN 1555835910.
* Miller, Neil (1995). "Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present". New York, Vintage Books. ISBN 0099576910.
* Shilts, Randy (1982). "The Mayor of Castro Street". New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312523319.
* Witt, Lynn, Sherry Thomas & Eric Marcus (1995). "Out in All Directions: The Almanac of Gay and Lesbian America". New York, Warner Books. ISBN 0446672378.External links
* [http://www.thinkwalks.org/sfstories/theblackcat.htm Essay on the Black Cat]
* [http://sflib1.sfpl.org:82/search~/a?searchtype=X&searcharg=%22black%22+cat+cafe&SORT=D&x=0&y=0 photos of the Black Cat Cafe at SF Public Library Historic Photo Collection]
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