- Israeli peace camp
The Israeli peace camp is a self-described collection of movements which claim to strive for
peace with the Arab neighbours ofIsrael (including thePalestinian s,Syria andLebanon ) and encourage co-existence with the Arab citizens of Israel. The peace camp is mostly associated withleft wing politics; in contrast, theright-wing collection of Israeli organizations are called the "national camp". Whereas Labor Zionist members of the "Peace camp," such asNobel Peace Prize winnerShimon Peres , share demographic priorities in common with theIsraeli right parties, [ [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=882870&contrassID=1&subContrassID=7 "Jabotinsky grandson lauds Peres for 'historic' speech"] ; Haaretz, 17/07/2007] Non-Zionists andAnti-Zionist s see transforming Israel into a "State for all its citizens" as a prerequisite for peace.Political movements (but not parties)
Peace Now was founded in the wake of the 1977 visit ofEgypt ian PresidentSadat to Jerusalem. The original feeling of euphoria was replaced by apprehension that the chance for peace would be lost, espcially due to such acts as then Agriculture MinisterAriel Sharon establishing new settlements in NorthSinai .In its first year, the movement concentrated on putting pressure on the government to carry through a peace treaty with Egypt, especially via 100,000-strongFact|date=April 2007 gathering in Tel-Aviv on the eve of PM
Menachem Begin 's departure forcamp David in 1978. At the time, Peace Now was careful to declare it was "neither for the government nor against it" and members of the movement actually greeted Begin with flowers at Ben Gurion Airport, when he came back from concluding theCamp David Agreement in which he undertook to dismantle the northern Sinai settlements.However, the movement turned increasingly against Begin when it turned out that withdrwal from Sinai was accompanied by an accelerated settlement drive on the West Bank, and later when Begin appointed Sharon as his Defence Minister and launched the
1982 Lebanon War , known in Israel by the 'official name, "Peace for Galilee War".Following the
Sabra and Shatila Massacre in September 1982, Peace Now's "400,000 rally" (self-described, it is widely doubted that the participation was close to that number) [http://www.ameu.org/page.asp?iid=266&aid=576&pg=3] led to the end of the Israeli offensive and the establishment of theKahan Commission of Inquiry which impeachedAriel Sharon for indirect responsibility for the Sabra and Shatila massacre committed by Christian Phalange Militia.Peace Now also advocated a negotiated peace with the
Palestinian s. However, Peace Now's current focus is to systematise its ongoing struggle against theIsraeli settlement s into a constant, day-by-day monitoring of the settlements and publication of periodic reports on their growth.According to some columnists, Peace Now's hostility toward the settlers and its perceived lack of criticism of
Palestinian Resistance can be seen to have decreased its standing within certain sections of the Israeli public (such critics completely ignoring the strong and unequivocal condemnations of suicide bombings repeatedly published by Peace Now). On March 19 2005, a pro-disengagement rally was not successful in attracting anything near its planned attendance, after only 10,000 people attended the demonstration. Critics assert that the failure is related toYariv Oppemheimer (Peace Now's leader) strong criticism of the settlers and the radical left-wing image which may have caused centrists and mainstream public to refrain from supporting the rally. [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/554094.html] , [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3060422,00.html]The
Geneva Accord , which was launched in 2003 by Israeli politicianYossi Beilin , one of the architects of the Oslo accords, and formerPalestinian Authority ministerYasser Abed Rabbo , claimed to try to promote peace by showing both Israelis and Palestinians that peace accords could be negotiated, and presented a draft 'Permanent Status Agreement', which was claimed to be negotiated by hundreds of public figures from both sides. Other groups among both Israelis and Palestinians found the accord unacceptable, and some Israelis even disputed the legitimacy of such a move. As of 2004, the negotiators tried to convince the Israeli and Palestinian public that the agreement provided hope of security for both parties and that the new Palestinian leadership represents a "partner for peace". The Geneva Accord initiative was funded heavily by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. It also included a document which was printed out and mailed to each Israeli household. [http://www.hdcentre.org/HD%20Centre%20and%20the%20Geneva%20Initiative]At that time, surprising tribute to the success of the Geneva Initiative was paid by Adv.
Dov Weissglass , confidential adviser of then Prime MinisterAriel Sharon , who told quite frankly of the factors which led Sharon to resolve uponIsrael's unilateral disengagement plan :"Time was not on our side. There was international erosion, internal erosion. Domestically, in the meantime, everything was collapsing. The economy was stagnant, and the
Geneva Initiative had gained broad support." [Interview inHaaretz , 8/10/04.]As Weissglass and Sharon did not bother to conceal, the Gaza Disengagement was designed (among other political objectives) to take the wind out of Geneva's sails, in which it was eminently successful.Fact|date=April 2007 While many on the Israeli Left and internationally considered the comprehensive peace vision of the Geneva Initiative far superior to a very partial unilateral withdrawal, the Geneva Accord was merely a theoretical draft not backed by those in power, while the other was a plan actually adopted and implemented by the government.
Eventually even Yossi Beilin, the leading proponent of Geneva, had to yield to this logic, extend a reluctant support to Sharon's Disengagement and see his brainchild pushed to the sidelines.
Gush Shalom is a radical leftist movement, and its classification as a "peace movement" is disputed by the Israeli right [citation needed] .Uri Avnery , the Gush Shalom leader and a former Israeli journalist, was among the first to meet and negotiate withPLO leaderYasser Arafat . Following the victory ofHamas in the 2006 Palestinian elections, Gush Shalom members opened dialogue with elected Hamas parliamentarians in East Jerusalem, who declared their wish to put an end to bloodshed and establish "a decades-long truce" with Israel. The dialogue was, however, cut short by the government arresting all the Palestinian participants in it. Although Gush Shalom earned itself respect among peaceseekers in Israel as well as theUnited States andEurope , it is regarded by some Israelis as apro-Palestinian movement whose leadership are equivocal towards violence andterrorism against IsraelisFact|date=February 2007. Gush Shalom itself states that being pro-Palestinian and being a patriotic Israeli, far from being in contradiction to each other, are completely compatible - and claims that only peace and integration in the Middle-Eastern environment can ensure Israel's long-term survival in a predominantly Arab region.Non-political organizations
There are many
projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs in Israel. Many of the projects try to mediate between Jewish and Arab citizens within Israel, after the fragileco-existence was shattered by the violentOctober 2000 riots (13 Arabs, 1 Jew were killed) and the increasing involvement of Israeli-Arabs in terrorism against Israelis. One such initiative, the "Peace Team", is a youthsoccer team of eight Israelis and eight Palestinians, who compete in international youth football tournaments. This project is sponsored byPeres Center For Peace .Another widely publicized project is the "
National Census " - a self-described peace initiative by formerShin Bet headAmi Ayalon and Palestinian professorSari Nusseibeh . The current activity of the "National Census" is to sign as many Israelis and Palestinian on a petition which outlines a two-state solution without the right of return of Palestinians into Israel. While Ayalon had attempted to avoid from being identified with thepolitical left , he later joined the Israeli Labour Party.Political parties
Since 1967, one's stance on the future of the
West Bank and theGaza Strip has become the main dividing line which defines where one stands in Israeli politics.In Israel, the left-wing parties are self-described as members of the peace camp, although successful peace treaties were achieved only by right-wingers (
Menachem Begin , with Egypt) and from the center-left (Itzhak Rabin , with Jordan). This apparent paradox is explained by the assumption that the more right-wing the leader who undertakes a peace plan and adopts some part of the traditional left program, the less of an opposition from the right he or it would encounter. The same was manifested in PM Sharon's unilateral disengagement plan from Gaza where his being the leader of the main right-wing party while being supported by the left-wing parties, left the real right-wing isolated in opposing the move.The traditional self-described "peace lobby" in the Knesset is composed of the Israeli Labor Party and
Meretz-Yachad .Hadash is self-proclaimedJewish -Arab socialist co-existence front, who was founded by theCommunist Party of Israel , which was the first party in Israel to oppose the Israeli control of the West Bank and Gaza, and to call for a two-state solution.Many Israelis do not consider the Arab parties as part of the Israeli peace camp.
The liberal party
Shinui while a significant force in Israeli politics for a short time was totally wiped out in the 2006 elections. It was not considered as a part of the peace camp due its hard-line approach towardPalestinian political violence , Yasser Arafat as well as many right-wing Knesset members. Also, the fact that Shinui supported Ariel Sharon's policy, a long-time loathed figure by hardcore of the peace camp, prevented Shinui from joining the peace camp leadership.Criticism
The Israeli peace camp is highly criticized for lacking realism given the absence of a corresponding movement on the Arab side of the conflict. It is also accused for being forgiving toward Palestinian political violence and not being able to stand up for the rights of the Israelis and the vital interests of Israel. The Israeli peace camp has poor standings in the Israeli public, as regular surveys by the [http://spirit.tau.ac.il/socant/peace/ Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research] show (for example: [http://spirit.tau.ac.il/socant/peace/peaceindex/2004/files/may2004e.pdf May 2004] ). The
Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research has been watching Israelipublic opinion toward the peace process and the peace camp for more than a decade.In January 2008, Israel's parliament passed a new law requiring organizations to publicize financial contributions from foreign governments. This law was generally aimed at organizations in the peace camp (specifically Peace Now) who many Israelis have come to view as agents of foreign governments acting against the State of Israel's national interests. [http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/124952]
Ideological right wing
Criticism from the right-wing is focused against the ideology of the peace camp, claiming that a
land for peace deal with PLO terrorists is endangering the existence of Israel and will not lead to true peace. Moreover, they claim that such a deal is morally unacceptable as it involves the uprooting of people from their houses in Israeli settlements. Right-wingers have suggested alternative peace plans in which the Palestinian refugees would either establish themselves in Arab countries ("transfer with agreement"), or remain in their place, but be granted Jordanian citizenship.The right wing also have strong criticism over the left's "partner for peace". They claim that the true intention of "Arafat's terrorist Tunis gang" is the destruction of Israel, and that the
Oslo accords were actually aTrojan horse . Following theal-Aqsa Intifada and majorFatah involvement in terrorism against Israel, many in the Israeli public agreed that the right were justified in their criticism and warnings about the PLO.Fact|date=April 2007Political center and pragmatists
The Israeli political center is composed from the moderate right, the liberals and the security-oriented left ( שמאל ביטחוני ).Fact|date=April 2007 Their position on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is viewed as pragmatic and derived from security and economy interests, rather than a dogmatic ideology.
Criticism from the center says that the right-wing was right about the PLO and that in Yassar Arafat, Israel did not have a sincere Palestinian partner for peace.The peace camp apparently followed a contradictive peace position and suggested the need to 'disengage' from the Palestinians and the need to give them a state of their own so they won't be a demographic and political burden over Israel. Many of this group are what the Israelis call "Oslo disappointed" ( מאוכזבי אוסלו ) – people who used to support the peace process and the peace camp until the
al-Aqsa Intifada . This group favor unilateral actions to disengage from the Palestinians and widely support theIsraeli West Bank barrier and Israel's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004.Fact|date=April 2007Centrists usually refrain from voting to the left and support it publicly since many of them believe that left-wing politicians (such as Yossi Beilin) are incapable of standing up for Israel's rights and fear that they might endanger Israel by trying to appease the Palestinians.Fact|date=April 2007
Zionist left wing
Criticism from the left is focused mainly on the "small details", since they still believe that
land for peace and negotiations with thePalestinians is the correct direction towards peace. Some details that are criticized are:
* The marketing of the peace process and the failure to gain wide public support.
* Their negative attitude toward theIsraeli Defence Forces and settlers which creates them a "Jewish self-hater s" reputation among the general public.
* The lack of pro-Israeli rhetoric in the peace rallies.
* The focusing on political arrangements while leaving the social and economic infrastructure for popular support at the hands of fundamentalist groups on both sidesAmi Ayalon has criticized Peace Now for demonizing the Israeli Jewish settlers, often treating them as "enemies", thus encouraging hate towards settlers, and providing the general public reasons to dislike the peace camp. Ayalon scorns Peace Now for failing to rally the masses in support of the Israeli peace movement, although surveys indicate that the Israeli public supports a separation from the Palestinians and a peaceful solution. Ayalon explains that this because Peace Now and the left wing have shown alienation, hostility and a patronising attitude towards the general Israeli public, and that this attitude combined with increased terrorist activity over the past four years are to blame for Peace Now's current poor standing within the Israeli public, which feels the peace camp is not committed (enough) to stop Palestinian political violence and protect Israel's interests.
Ayalon concluded that many settlements should indeed be disbanded, but the transferred settlers should be embraced and receive support - both financial and moral - from the state and the public, and not being treated as enemies. [http://news.walla.co.il/?w=//543668] , [http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2916824,00.html]
Far left
Criticism from the
far left criticized the adherence of the major movements (such as the Israeli Labor party and Peace Now) forZionism and commitment toward Israel. They claim that the Oslo accords was a capitalist-Zionist fraud in order to exploit the Palestinians and deceive the world, while expanding the Israeli settlements and deepening the Israeli control of the West Bank and Gaza. As the Israeli far left is very pro-Palestinian and anti-Zionist, they think that true peace can only be achieved by the elimination of Zionism and Israel's transition to an inclusive multi-ethnic state rather than an exclusivelyJewish state . Many of them offer abi-national state solution or atwo-state solution with full or limited right of return forPalestinian refugees .Fact|date=April 2007Of the far left groups
Gush Shalom is one that sticks to the two-state solution. [http://otherisrael.home.igc.org/two-state.html] Moderate left-wingers often blame the far left for the bad image the Israeli peace camp has in the eyes of Zionist Israeli public.People
Political leaders
*
Yossi Beilin (head ofMeretz-Yachad )
*Mohammad Barakeh (head ofHadash )Leaders of organizations
*
Uri Avnery (head ofGush Shalom )
*Tzali Reshef (former head of Peace Now)
*Adam Keller Gush Shalom spokesperson [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Adam_Keller]
*Uri Savir (head ofPeres Center For Peace)Politicly affiliated peace activists
*
Ami Ayalon (Israeli Labor Party)
*Amos Oz (Meretz-Yachad )
*David Grossman (Meretz-Yachad )
*Juilano Mar Hamis (Jewish-Arab actor, Hadash activist)Peace activists without political affiliation
*
Amnon Rubinstein
*Amnon Lipkin-Shahak
*Avraham Burg Deceased
*
Matti Peled (IDF general turned peace activist)
*Maxim Ghilan
*Tanya Reinhart See also
*
Politics of Israel
*Progressive List for Peace (former party 1984-1992)
*Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs
* Internationalpeace movement
*Refusal to serve in the Israeli military
*Occupation Magazine
*Women in Black Arab-Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties
*
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
*Faisal-Weizmann Agreement (1919)
*1949 Armistice Agreements
*Camp David Accords (1978)
*Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty (1979)
*Madrid Conference of 1991
*Oslo Accords (1993)
*Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace (1994)
*Camp David 2000 Summit
*Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
*Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs
*List of Middle East peace proposals
*International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict References
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