Grove Karl Gilbert

Infobox Scientist
name = Grove Karl Gilbert
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caption = Grove Karl Gilbert
birth_date = May 6,1843
birth_place = Rochester, New York
death_date = May 1,1918
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nationality = American
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field = geology
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alma_mater = University of Rochester
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Grove Karl Gilbert (May 6,1843 – May 1,1918), known by the abbreviated name "G. K. Gilbert" in academic literature, was an American geologist. Gilbert was born in Rochester, New York and graduated from the University of Rochester. In 1871, he joined George M. Wheeler's geographical survey as its first geologist. He then joined the Powell Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region in 1874, becoming Powell's primary assistant, and stayed with the survey until 1879. [Wallace Stegner, "Beyond the Hundredth Meridian: John Wesley Powell and the Second Opening of the West", University of Nebraska:Lincoln] During this time he published an important monograph, "The Geology of the Henry Mountains" (1877). After the creation of the U.S. Geological Survey in 1879, he was appointed to the position of Senior Geologist and worked for the USGS until his death (including a term as acting director).

Gilbert published a study of the former ancient Lake Bonneville in 1890 (the lake existed during the Pleistocene), of which the Great Salt Lake is a remnant. He named that lake after the army captain Benjamin L.E. de Bonneville, who had explored this region previously.

In 1891 in one of the most controversial moves of his career, he proclaimed that Coon Butte in Arizona was the result of a volcanic steam explosion rather than an impact of a meteorite. Gilbert had based his conclusions on a belief that if it was an impact crater then the volume of the crater including the meteorite should be more than the ejected material on the rim and also a belief that if it was a meteorite then iron should create magnetic anomalies. Gilbert's calculations showed that the volume of the crater and the debris on the rim were roughly equal. Further there were no magnetic anomalies. Gilbert argued that the meteorite fragments found on the rim were just "coincidence." Gilbert would publicize these conclusions in a series of lectures in 1895. [ [http://www.barringercrater.com/science/ The Science: What is the Barringer Meteorite Crater?] ] Subsequent investigations would reveal that it was in fact a meteor crater. Ironically, Gilbert would be among the first to say that the moon's craters were caused by meteors rather than volcanos. [http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.html]

He joined the Harriman Alaska Expedition in 1899.

Gilbert is considered one of the giants of the sub-discipline of geomorphology, having contributed to the understanding of landscape evolution, erosion, river incision and sedimentation. Gilbert was a planetary science pioneer, correctly identifying lunar craters as caused by impacts, and carrying out early impact-cratering experiments. [ Ronald Greeley, "Planetary Landscapes", 1985, Boston, Allen & Unwin ] Gilbert was one of the more influential early American geologists.

He won the Wollaston Medal in 1900. Craters on the Moon and on Mars are named in his honor. Another crater on Mars was named after the ancient Lake Bonneville.

ee also

* Gilbert (crater)
* G. K. Gilbert Award

= References =

External links

* [http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/histgeol/gilbert/gilbert.htm Gilbert Biography]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036808?hook=215811 G.K. Gilbert article, Encyclopaedia Britannica]