- Murus Gallicus
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Model of murus gallicus at the oppidum of Bibracte, France.
Murus Gallicus or Gallic Wall is a method of construction of defensive walls used to protect Iron Age hillforts and oppida of the La Tene period in Western Europe.
The distinctive features are:
- earth or rubble fill
- transverse cross beams at approximately 2 ft (60 cm) intervals
- longitudinal timbers laid on the cross beams and attached with mortice joints, nails, or iron spikes through augered holes
- outer stone facing
- cross beams protruding through the stone facing
The technique was described by Julius Caesar in his Commentaries on the Gallic Wars:
But this is usually the form of all the Gallic walls. Straight beams, connected lengthwise and two feet distant from each other at equal intervals, are placed together on the ground; these are morticed on the inside, and covered with plenty of earth. But the intervals which we have mentioned, are closed up in front by large stones. These being thus laid and cemented together, another row is added above, in such a manner, that the same interval may be observed, and that the beams may not touch one another, but equal spaces intervening, each row of beams is kept firmly in its place by a row of stones. In this manner the whole wall is consolidated, until the regular height of the wall be completed.
... it possesses great advantages as regards utility and the defence of cities; for the stone protects it from fire, and the wood from the battering ram, since it [the wood] being morticed in the inside with rows of beams, generally forty feet each in length, can neither be broken through nor torn asunder.
About 30 structures of this type have been excavated, mainly in Gaul, but extending to the upper reaches of the Rhine and Danube. The example at the sea promontory fort of Le Camp d'Artus, at Huelgoat, was excavated and reported by Sir Mortimer Wheeler.
The murus Gallicus contrasts with other construction styles:
- Pfostenschlitzmauer - characterised by upright wooden posts in the outer wall, typical in Central Europe.
- Dacian Wall - inner and outer stone walls reinforced with inner horizontal timber tie beams.
At Manching an earlier murus gallicus wall was rebuilt in the pfostenschlitzmauer style.
References
- Commentaries on the Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar, 7.23
- The Ancient Celts, Barry Cunliffe (1997) ISBN 0-14-025422-6
Contains the cross-section of Huelgoat drawn by Mortimer Wheeler.
- Celtic Fortifications, Ian Ralston (2006) ISBN 0-7524-2500-5
The definitive modern reference on hillfort construction, with extensive descriptions, comparative analysis, photographs of modern reconstructions, and even results of experiments burning reconstructed walls.
See also
Categories:- Fortification
- Iron Age Europe
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