Sims Corner Eskers and Kames

The Sims Corner Eskers and Kames National Natural Landmark includes excellent examples of Pleistocene ice stagnation landforms including numerous Glacial erratics terminal moraines, eskers and kames. It is located on the Waterville Plateau of the Columbia Plateau in north central Washington state in the United States.cite book|author=Mueller, Marge & Ted|title=Fire, Faults and Floods|publisher=University of Idaho Press, Moscow, Idaho|year=1997|id=ISBN 0-89301-206-8 ] (Coordinates: coord|47|49|30|N|119|22|00|W)

Geologic History

The plateau

The Sims Corner Eskers and Kames National Natural Landmark is located on the Waterville Plateau, which lies in the northwest corner of the Columbia River Plateau. The plateau is formed on top of the Columbia River Basalt Group a large igneous province that lies across parts of the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho in the United States of America. During late Miocene and early Pliocene times, one of the largest flood basalts ever to appear on the earth's surface engulfed about 163,700 km² (63,000 mile²) of the Pacific Northwest, forming a large igneous province with an estimated volume of 174,300 km3. Eruptions were most vigorous from 17—14 million years ago, when over 99% of the basalt was released. Less extensive eruptions continued from 14—6 million years ago.

These lava flows have been extensively exposed by the erosion resulting from the Missoula Floods, which laid bare many layers of the basalt flows on the edges of the plateau at Grand Coulee and Moses Coulee. cite book|first=David|last=Alt|id=ISBN 0-87842-415-6|location= |title=Glacial Lake Missoula & its Humongous Floods|publisher=Mountain Press Publishing Company ] cite book|author=Bjornstad, Bruce|title=On the Trail of the Ice Age Floods: A Geological Guide to the Mid-Columbia Basin |publisher=Keokee Books; Sand Point, Idaho |year=2006|id=ISBN 978-1-879628-27-4] ["Portions of this article, including a figure, are adapted from works of the United States Government, which are in the public domain"] cite book|author=Alt, David & Hyndman, Donald|title=Northwest Exposures: a Geologic Story of the Northwest |publisher= Mountain Press Publishing Company |year=1995|id=ISBN 0-87842-323-0] cite book|author=Carson, Robert J. and Pogue, Kevin R.|title=Flood Basalts and Glacier Floods:Roadside Geology of Parts of Walla Walla, Franklin, and Columbia Counties, Washington |publisher=Washington State Department of Natural Resources (Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 90)|year=1996|id=ISBN none ]

The glacial history

Two million years ago the Pleistocene epoch began and Ice age glaciers invaded the area. They scoured the Columbia River Plateau, reaching as far south as the middle of the Waterville Plateau highlands above the Grand Coulee and south to the head of Moses Coulee. In some areas north of the Grand Coulee they were as much as 3 km (10000 feet) thick. Grooves in the exposed granite bedrock are still visible in the area from the movement of glaciers and numerous glacial erratics in the elevated to the Northwest of the coulee.

Creation of the Foster Coulee, Moses Coulee and Grand Coulee

The Okanogan lobe of the Cordilleran Glacier moved down the Okanogan River valley and blocked the ancient route of the Columbia River, backing up water to create Lake Spokane. Initially water discharged from Lake Spokane by running up through the head of Grand Coulee and down through Foster Coulee to rejoin the Columbia River. As the glacier moved further south, Foster Coulee was cut off and the Columbia River then discharged through Moses Coulee, which runs southward slightly to the east of the ancient and current course of the Columbia. As the Okanogan lobe grew, it blocked Moses Coulee as well; the Columbia found the next lowest route through the region which was eroded to become the modern Grand Coulee. Flowing across the current Grand Coulee & Dry Falls regions, the ice age Columbia then entered the Quincy Basin & joined Crab Creek, following Crab Creek’s course southward past the Frenchman Hills and turning west to run along the north face of the Saddle Mountains & rejoin the previous and modern course of the Columbia River just above the main water gap in the Saddle Mountains, Sentinel Gap.

ee also

* List of National Natural Landmarks

External links

* [http://www.nps.gov/ccso/nnl/nnlw.htm U.S. National Park Service on Sims Corner Eskers and Kames]

References

Photo gallery