Battle of Camperdown

Infobox Military Conflict


caption="The Battle of Camperdown, 11 October 1797" by Thomas Whitcombe, painted 1798, showing the British flagship HMS|Venerable|1784|2 engaged with the Dutch flagship "Vrijheid".
conflict=The Battle of Camperdown
partof=The French Revolutionary War
date=11 October 1797
place=North Sea, off Camperduin, Holland
result= Decisive British victory
combatant1=flagicon|UK|1606 United Kingdom
combatant2=flagicon|Netherlands Batavian Republic
commander1= Admiral Adam Duncan
commander2= Admiral de Winter
strength1= 24 Ships
strength2= 25 Ships
casualties1=193 killed
622 wounded
casualties2=520 killed
952 wounded
11 ships captured

The Battle of Camperdown (11 October 1797) was a British naval victory in the North Sea over the Dutch [From 1795 (after a French invasion which sent stadtholder William V, Prince of Orange into exile) till 1806 (when they were made a monarchy under Louis Bonaparte) The Netherlands were known as the Bataafsche Republiek.] during the French Revolutionary Wars. The British fleet under Admiral Duncan defeated the Dutch fleet under Admiral de Winter off the coastal village of Camperduin, north-west of Alkmaar.

The battle may also have given rise to the phrase "to nail your colours to the mast".

Background

Throughout 1797, Duncan had been blockading the Dutch fleet in Den Helder and Texel. The Dutch fleet was intended to cover a landing of French troops in Ireland to support a planned rebellion, and there were plans for the Dutch to eventually land in Scotland with some 50,000 troops and to take over the Scottish central belt with the help of the Society of the United Scotsmen. The long wait in harbour depleted the supplies aboard ship and also sapped morale. The Dutch were unaware that for several weeks, only four of Duncan's ships were maintaining the blockade, as the rest of his squadron had been affected by the unrest later known as the Mutiny at the Nore. By September, the ringleaders of the mutiny had been hanged and the seamen had returned to duty.

In late September, the Dutch abandoned their planned invasion. The British Admiralty learned of this and instructed Duncan to take his squadron to Yarmouth to refit. The Dutch took the opportunity to come out into the North Sea, intending to cure unrest among their own crews, and hopefully engage isolated British ships. The British, alerted by the cutter "Black Joke" and the lugger "Speculator", rendezvoused off Texel and waited for the Dutch to return to port.

Battle

The two fleets met 18 miles from the Dutch coast, the British with 24 ships heading south-east and the Dutch with 25 in a single line heading north-east. The British attacked in two columns, presaging the Battle of Trafalgar eight years later, with Duncan leading the easternmost group in "Venerable" and Vice Admiral Richard Onslow leading the westernmost group in "Monarch". In this instance, the attack was made in haste to prevent the Dutch ships from reaching the protection of shallow waters near the coast. Duncan hoisted the signal for "General Chase", allowing each ship to engage as opportunity offered. Some British captains actually held back, while others pressed forward. The two British columns formed as ships followed the boldest leaders, Duncan and Onslow.

"Venerable" broke through the Dutch line and engaged de Winter's flagship, "Vrijheid", from the lee side. Several British ships broke the Dutch line and ships in both fleets were engaged on both sides. Several Dutch ships managed to flee east; 11 were captured including the flagship, "Vrijheid" 74, but the British ships were too damaged to pursue the remainder. British casualties were 220 killed and 812 wounded; Dutch casualties were 540 killed and 620 wounded. The similarity in casualty rates reflect both sides tactics of firing into the hulls of their opponents ("Mariner's Mirror" vol. 23 (1937) lists casualties as British: 193 killed, 622 wounded; Dutch: 520 killed, 952 wounded).

Throughout the battle, the British had the advantage of heavier ships and guns, and also in training. Several British ships were armed with carronades, short guns firing a heavy shot, which had a devastating effect at close range. The Dutch ships which were captured were all too badly battered to be repaired.

Admiral de Winter was taken prisoner when his flagship, dismasted and with over half her crew killed or wounded, was forced to strike her colours. He attempted to hand his sword to Duncan, but Duncan refused and shook his hand instead. Both Duncan and de Winter were physically large men (Duncan was reportedly six feet, four inches). De Winter later remarked, "It is matter of marvel that two such gigantic objects as Admiral Duncan and myself should have escaped the general carnage of this day." ["Nelson's War", p.103]

Aftermath

As a result of the battle, the first French expedition to Ireland did not arrive until August 1798, by which time the rebellion had been largely crushed.

British fleet

Ships involved (and their guns), listed in approximate order:

First group

*HMS|Lancaster|1797|2 64
*HMS|Isis|1774|2 50
*HMS|Belliqueux|1780|2 64
*HMS|Bedford|1775|2 74
*HMS|Ardent|1796|2 64
*HMS|Venerable|1784|2 74 (flag)
*HMS|Triumph|1764|2 74 (Essington)
*HMS|Circe|1785|2 28

econd group

*HMS|Beaulieu|1791|2 40
*HMS|Agincourt|1796|2 64
*HMS|Adamant|1780|2 50
*HMS|Veteran|1787|2 64
*HMS|Monarch|1765|2 74 (VA Onslow)
*HMS|Powerful|1783|2 74
*HMS|Director|1784|2 64 (William Bligh)
*HMS|Monmouth|1796|2 64
*HMS|Russell|1764|2 74 (Trollope)
*HMS|Montagu|1779|2 74 (Knight)

Others

*HMS|Martin|1790|2 (sloop) (Paget)
*"Rose" (cutter)
*"King George" (cutter)
*"Active" (cutter)
*"Diligent" (cutter)
*"Speculator" (lugger)

Dutch fleet

Ships involved (and their guns), listed in battle order:

Battle line

*"Gelijkheid" 64/68 - Captured by "Belliqueux" and "Lancaster" 3.10pm
*"Beschermer" 50/56
*"Hercules" 64 (Musquetier?) - On fire, captured
*"Admiraal (Tjerk Hiddes) De Vries" 64/68 - Captured by "Isis" 3.00pm
*"Vrijheid" 74 (flag) - Captured 3.15pm
*"Staten-Generaal" 74 (Story)
*"Wassenaar" 64 - Captured by "Powerful" and "Veteran" 2.00pm
*"Batavier" 50/56
*"Brutus" 74 (RA Bloys van Treslong)
*"Leyden" 64/68
*"Mars" 44
*"Cerberus" 64/68
*"Jupiter" 74/72 (VA Reyntjes) - Captured by "Russell"?? 1.45pm
*"Monnikendam" 40/44 - Captured 2.00pm, wrecked
*"Haarlem" 64/68 - Captured by "Adamant" 1.15pm
*"Alkmaar" 50/56/52? - Captured 2.30pm
*"Delft" 50/54/60 - Captured 2.15pm, sunk 2.30am on 15 October

maller ships on off-battle side, etc.

*"Embuscade" 32 - Captured, aground and recaptured later
*"Heldin" 32
*"Minerva" 24 (ship-corvette)
*"Waakzaamheid" 24 (ship-corvette)
*"Ajax" 18 (brig-corvette)
*"Atalanta" 18 (brig-corvette)
*"Daphne" 18 (brig-corvette)
*"Galathée" 18 (brig-corvette)
*"Haasje" 6 (advice boat ?)
*"?" (advice boat)

Second gun figures come from "Mariner's Mirror" vol. 23 (1937).

Notes

References

*"Mariner's Mirror" vol. 23 (1937)
*"Nelson's War", Peter Padfield, Book Club Associates, London, 1976

External links

* [http://www.dedelft.nl/en/history/battle.html Summary of the Battle of Camperdown and ship of the line "Delft"]
* [http://www.dedelft.com/ Reconstruction of linieschip "Delft" in Rotterdam (Delfshaven)]